Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web

Migrant Smuggling in Asia
Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 25, No. 1 (2013),
pp. 39, 56; UNODC, Transnational Organized
Crime in East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat
Assessment (2013), p. 44; Royal Canadian
Mounted Police, Response to questions by
UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in
Asia (2014).
175
AKM A. Ullah, “Theoretical rhetoric about
migration networks: a case of a journey of
Bangladeshi workers to Malaysia”, International
Migration, vol. 51, No. 3 (2013), pp. 151, 160–
162.
176
A. Içduygu and D. Sert, “Step-by-step migration
through Turkey: from the Indian subcontinent
to Europe”, CARIM-India Research Report No.
14 (2012), p. 13.
177
Verité, Labor Brokerage and Trafficking of
Nepali Migrant Workers (2012), pp. 9, 79–80,
81; Asia Foundation, Nepal, Labour Migration
Trends and Patterns: Bangladesh, India, and
Nepal 2013 (2013), pp. 43–45.
178
N. Smith, ‘Donkey Flights’: Illegal Immigration
From the Punjab to the United Kingdom (2014),
p. 4, 7; UNODC and Institute of Social Science,
Smuggling of Migrants From India to Europe
and in Particular to United Kingdom, A Study
on Tamil Nadu (2009), pp. 48, 51.
179
UNODC, The Role of Organized Crime in the
Smuggling of Migrants From West Africa to the
European Union (2011), pp. 37, 52.
180
P. Gupta, “Facilitating migration between India
and the EU”, CARIM-India Research Report
2013/06 (2013), p. 13; Europol, “Facilitated
illegal immigration intelligence bulletin”,
Intelligence Bulletin, No. 1 (February 2008), p.
19.
181
AKM A. Ullah, “Theoretical rhetoric about
migration networks: a case of a journey of
Bangladeshi workers to Malaysia”, International
Migration, vol. 51, No. 3 (2013), pp. 151, 158;
P.T. Stanslas, “Transborder human trafficking
in Malaysian waters”, Journal of Maritime
Law and Commerce, vol. 41, No. 4 (2010), p.
595, 599; UNODC, Recent Trends of Human
Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling To and
From Pakistan (2013), pp. 20–21; J.J. Larsen
and others, “Trafficking in persons monitoring
report: January 2009–June 2011”, Monitoring
Report No. 19 (2012), p. 36; K. Yousef, “The
vicious circle of irregular migration from
Pakistan to Greece and back to Pakistan”,
IRMA Background Report (2013), pp. 10–11;
M. Joarder and P.W. Miller, “The experiences
of migrants trafficked from Bangladesh”, The
Annals of the American Academy of Political
and Social Science, vol. 653 (2014), pp. 141,
149–152
182
Government of Belgium, Response to questions
by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in
Asia (2014); Government of Serbia, Response
to questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of
migrants in Asia (2014); K.C. Saha, “Smuggling
of Indian citizens”, Journal of Immigrant and
Refugee Studies, vol. 5, No. 1 (2007), pp. 55,
63–64; Government of Slovakia, Response to
questions by UNODC relating to smuggling
of migrants in Asia (2014); ICMPD, Yearbook
on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and
Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe
(2011), p. 218; Government of New Zealand,
Response to questions by UNODC relating to
smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014).
183
ICMPD, Yearbook on Illegal Migration,
Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Central
and Eastern Europe (2011), p. 190; Europol,
“Facilitated illegal immigration intelligence
bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No. 4 (August
2009), p. 10.
184
UNODC, Strategic Assessment Report on
Migrant Smuggling from Sri Lanka (2013)
[restricted circulation], p. 64.
185
A. Schloenhardt and L. Ezzy, “Hadi Ahmadi –
and the myth of the people smugglers’ business
model”, Monash University Law Review, vol. 38
(2012), pp. 120, 143.
186
Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.
2 (May 2011), p. 10; K. Yousef, “The vicious
circle of irregular migration from Pakistan to
Greece and back to Pakistan”, IRMA Background
Report (2013), p. 0.
152