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<strong>Current</strong> <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Challenges</strong><br />

Flows within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013), pp. 43;<br />

A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou <strong>and</strong> T. Maroukis, Migrant<br />

Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia <strong>and</strong><br />

Africa to Europe (2012), p. 196; H. Spinks,<br />

“Destination anywhere? Factors affecting<br />

asylum seekers’ choice of destination country”,<br />

Research Paper No. 1, 2012–13 (2013), pp.<br />

6–7.<br />

21<br />

European Migration Network, Practical<br />

Measures to Reduce Irregular Migration<br />

(2012), pp. 9, 44.<br />

22<br />

European Migration Network, Practical<br />

Measures to Reduce Irregular Migration (2012),<br />

p. 44; A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou <strong>and</strong> T. Maroukis,<br />

Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration<br />

from Asia <strong>and</strong> Africa to Europe (2012), p.<br />

84; K. Tryfon, “The contribution of Europol<br />

<strong>and</strong> Frontex in combating the phenomenon<br />

of illegal immigration in Hellas”, Review of<br />

European Studies, vol. 4 (2012), pp. 188, 193.<br />

23<br />

Government of Belgium, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in<br />

Asia (2014); Government of Sweden, Response<br />

to questions by UNODC relating to smuggling<br />

of migrants in Asia (2014); Europol, “Facilitated<br />

illegal immigration intelligence bulletin”,<br />

Intelligence Bulletin, No. 4 (October 2010), p. 9;<br />

Government of Norway, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants<br />

in Asia (2014); Government of Germany,<br />

Response to questions by UNODC relating to<br />

smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

24<br />

Government of Canada, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants<br />

in Asia (2014); Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />

immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />

Bulletin, No. 4 (August 2008), p. 4.<br />

25<br />

Wise Strategic Communications, Afghanistan<br />

Counter People Smuggling Scoping Study:<br />

Final Report (2010), p. 8; European Migration<br />

Network, Annual Report on Migration <strong>and</strong><br />

International Protection Statistics 2009<br />

(2012), p. 16; UNODC, Migrant Smuggling<br />

in Asia: Comparative Research on Financial<br />

Flows within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013), p. 42;<br />

Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group<br />

on International Migration including Human<br />

Trafficking, Situation Report on International<br />

Migration in South <strong>and</strong> South-West Asia (2011),<br />

p. 26; Frontex, Unaccompanied Minors in the<br />

Migration Process (2010), p. 31; N. van Hear<br />

<strong>and</strong> others, “Drivers of migration”, Working<br />

Paper No. 1 (2012), pp. 23–24; STATT, “Afghan<br />

migration in flux”, Synapse, vol. 10 (2013), pp.<br />

1, 9.<br />

26<br />

STATT, “Afghan migration in flux”, Synapse, vol.<br />

10 (2013), pp. 1, 1; K. Koser <strong>and</strong> P. Marsden,<br />

“Migration <strong>and</strong> displacement impacts of<br />

Afghan transitions in 2014: implications<br />

for Australia”, Irregular Migration Research<br />

Program Occasional Paper Series 03/2013<br />

(2013), p. 3.<br />

27<br />

Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group<br />

on International Migration including Human<br />

Trafficking, Situation Report on International<br />

Migration in South <strong>and</strong> South-West Asia (2011),<br />

pp. 89, 90.<br />

28<br />

<br />

migration in Turkey”, Population, Space <strong>and</strong><br />

Place, vol. 18 (2012), pp. 441, 443; Asia-Pacific<br />

RCM Thematic Working Group on International<br />

Migration Including Human Trafficking,<br />

Situation Report on International Migration<br />

in South <strong>and</strong> South-West Asia (2011), p. 63;<br />

H. Spinks, “Destination anywhere? Factors<br />

affecting asylum seekers’ choice of destination<br />

country”, Research Paper No. 1, 2012–13<br />

(2013), p. 3; A. Idris, “Malaysia <strong>and</strong> forced<br />

migration”, Intellectual Discourse, vol. 20, No.<br />

1 (2012), pp. 31, 40; UNODC, “Smuggling of<br />

migrants by sea”, Issue Paper (2011), p. 15.<br />

29<br />

K. Koser <strong>and</strong> P. Marsden, “Migration <strong>and</strong><br />

displacement impacts of Afghan transitions<br />

in 2014: implications for Australia”, Irregular<br />

Migration Research Program Occasional Paper<br />

Series 03/2013 (2013), pp. 10, 18; K. Koser,<br />

Transition, Crisis, <strong>and</strong> Mobility in Afghanistan:<br />

Rhetoric <strong>and</strong> Reality (IOM, 2014), p. 17; N.<br />

van Hear <strong>and</strong> others, “Drivers of migration”,<br />

Working Paper No. 1 (2012), pp. 23–24; R.<br />

Ganguly-Scrase <strong>and</strong> L. Sheridan, “Dispossession,<br />

human security <strong>and</strong> undocumented migration:<br />

narrative accounts of Afghani Sri Lankan Tamil<br />

asylum seekers”, in Rethinking Displacement:<br />

Asia Pacific Perspectives, R. Ganguly-Scrase<br />

115

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