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<strong>Current</strong> <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Challenges</strong><br />

182<br />

P. Munro, “People smuggling <strong>and</strong> the resilience<br />

of criminal networks in Indonesia”, Journal of<br />

Policing, Intelligence <strong>and</strong> Counter Terrorism,<br />

vol. 6, No. 1 (2011), pp. 40, 43; A. Schloenhardt<br />

<strong>and</strong> C. Martin, “Prosecution <strong>and</strong> punishment<br />

of people smugglers in Australia 2008–2011”,<br />

Federal Law Review, vol. 40, No. 1 (2012), pp.<br />

111, 123; A. Missbach <strong>and</strong> F. Sinanu, “‘The scum<br />

of the earth’? Foreign people smugglers <strong>and</strong><br />

their local counterparts in Indonesia”, Journal<br />

of <strong>Current</strong> Southeast Asian Affairs, vol. 30, No.<br />

4 (2011), pp. 57, 76–77; A. Schloenhardt <strong>and</strong><br />

L. Ezzy, “Hadi Ahmadi – <strong>and</strong> the myth of the<br />

people smugglers’ business model”, Monash<br />

University Law Review, vol. 38 (2012), pp. 120,<br />

143; UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), pp. 45–46.<br />

183<br />

A. Schloenhardt <strong>and</strong> C. Davies, “Smugglers <strong>and</strong><br />

samaritans: defences to people smuggling in<br />

Australia”, UNSW Law Journal, vol. 36, No. 3<br />

(2013), pp. 954, 955; C. Barker, “The people<br />

smugglers’ business model”, Research Paper<br />

No. 2, 2012–13 (2013), p. 38; P. Munro, “People<br />

smuggling <strong>and</strong> the resilience of criminal<br />

networks in Indonesia”, Journal of Policing,<br />

Intelligence <strong>and</strong> Counter Terrorism, vol. 6, No.<br />

1 (2011), pp. 40, 45–46.<br />

184<br />

UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), p. 29; Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />

immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />

Bulletin, No. 2 (April 2008), p. 14; Europol,<br />

“Facilitated illegal immigration intelligence<br />

bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No. 3 (July<br />

2010), p. 17; Government of United Kingdom,<br />

Response to questions by UNODC relating<br />

to smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014); D.<br />

Silverstone <strong>and</strong> S. Savage, ‘Farmers, factories<br />

<strong>and</strong> funds: organized crime <strong>and</strong> illicit drugs<br />

cultivation within the British Vietnamese<br />

community”, Global Crime, vol. 11, No. 1<br />

(2010), pp. 14, 29.<br />

185<br />

A. Missbach <strong>and</strong> F. Sinanu, “‘The scum of the<br />

earth’? Foreign people smugglers <strong>and</strong> their<br />

local counterparts in Indonesia”, Journal of<br />

<strong>Current</strong> Southeast Asian Affairs, vol. 30, No. 4<br />

(2011), pp. 57, 66–67; C. Barker, “The people<br />

smugglers’ business model”, Research Paper<br />

No. 2, 2012–13 (2013), p. 32.<br />

186<br />

M.N. Hosen, “Governance of Indonesian labour<br />

<strong>and</strong> migration to Malaysia: an overview”,<br />

Review of Indonesian <strong>and</strong> Malaysian Affairs,<br />

vol. 39, No. 2 (2005), pp. 31, 38; Human Rights<br />

Watch, Maid to Order: Ending Abuses Against<br />

Migrant Domestic Workers in Singapore (2005),<br />

p. 25.<br />

187<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling: A Thematic<br />

Review of Literature (2012), pp. 137–138.<br />

188<br />

A. Santhiago, “Human smuggling, migration<br />

<strong>and</strong> human rights: a Malaysian perspective”,<br />

Working Paper (2005); UNODC, Migrant<br />

Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic Review of<br />

Literature (2012), p. 137.<br />

189<br />

S. Paitoonpong, “Different stream, different<br />

needs, <strong>and</strong> impact: managing international<br />

labor migration in ASEAN: Thail<strong>and</strong><br />

(immigration)”, Discussion Paper Series No.<br />

2011-28 (2011), p. 48.<br />

190<br />

P.T. Stanslas, “Transborder human trafficking<br />

in Malaysian waters”, Journal of Maritime<br />

Law <strong>and</strong> Commerce, vol. 41, No. 4 (2010), pp.<br />

595, 599; A. Kassim <strong>and</strong> R.H.M. Zin, “Policy<br />

on irregular migrants in Malaysia”, Discussion<br />

Paper Series No. 2011-34 (2011), p. 65; P.<br />

Palmgren, “Navigating a hostile terrain:<br />

refugees <strong>and</strong> human rights in Southeast Asia”,<br />

Sociology Compass, vol. 5, No. 5 (2011), pp.<br />

323, 327.<br />

191<br />

S. Paitoonpong, “Different stream, different<br />

needs, <strong>and</strong> impact: managing international<br />

labor migration in ASEAN: Thail<strong>and</strong><br />

(immigration)”, Discussion Paper Series No.<br />

2011-28 (2011), p. 29.<br />

192<br />

Mekong Migration Network <strong>and</strong> Asian<br />

Migrant Centre, Migration in the Greater<br />

Mekong Subregion Resource Book, Fourth<br />

Edition (2013), pp. 92, 104; UNODC, Migrant<br />

Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic Review of<br />

Literature (2012), pp. 9, 19, 84–86; UNODC,<br />

Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia <strong>and</strong><br />

the Pacific: A Threat Assessment (2013), p. 12.<br />

193<br />

G. Hugo, “International migration in the Asia-<br />

167

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