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<strong>Current</strong> <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Challenges</strong><br />

103<br />

Government of Turkey, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants<br />

in Asia (2014); ICMPD, Yearbook on Illegal<br />

Migration, Human Smuggling <strong>and</strong> Trafficking<br />

in Central <strong>and</strong> Eastern Europe (2011), p.<br />

243; Frontex, Unaccompanied Minors in the<br />

Migration Process (2010), pp. 4, 18; Europol,<br />

Main Routes for People Smuggling into the<br />

EU 2012 (2012), p. 4; I. van Liempt, “Different<br />

geographies <strong>and</strong> experiences of ‘assisted’<br />

types of migration: a gendered critique on the<br />

distinction between trafficking <strong>and</strong> smuggling”,<br />

Gender, Place <strong>and</strong> Culture: A Journal of Feminist<br />

Geography, vol. 18 (2011), pp. 179, 185.<br />

104<br />

Government of United Kingdom,<br />

Response to questions by UNODC relating to<br />

smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014); UNODC,<br />

Migrant Smuggling in Asia: Comparative<br />

Research on Financial Flows within Asia <strong>and</strong><br />

Europe (2013) [restricted circulation], p. 48; A.<br />

Içduygu <strong>and</strong> D. Sert, “Step-by-step migration<br />

through Turkey: from the Indian subcontinent<br />

to Europe”, CARIM-India Research Report No.<br />

14 (2012), pp. 3–4.<br />

105<br />

A. Dimitriadi, Migration from Afghanistan<br />

to Third Countries <strong>and</strong> Greece (2013), p. 12;<br />

UNODC, Recent <strong>Trends</strong> of Human Trafficking<br />

<strong>and</strong> Migrant Smuggling To <strong>and</strong> From Pakistan<br />

(2013), p. 33; Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />

immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />

Bulletin, Europol, No. 5 (October 2009), p.<br />

18; UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:<br />

Comparative Research on Financial Flows<br />

within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013) [restricted<br />

circulation], pp. 43–45; A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou <strong>and</strong><br />

T. Maroukis, Migrant Smuggling: Irregular<br />

Migration from Asia <strong>and</strong> Africa to Europe<br />

(2012), pp. 126–128.<br />

106<br />

UNODC, Recent <strong>Trends</strong> of Human Trafficking<br />

<strong>and</strong> Migrant Smuggling To <strong>and</strong> From Pakistan<br />

(2013), p. 33; Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />

immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />

Bulletin, Europol, No. 5 (October 2009), p.<br />

18; Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />

intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin,<br />

No. 1 (January 2011), p. 21; Government of<br />

United Kingdom, Response to questions by<br />

UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in<br />

Asia (2014); UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in<br />

Asia: Comparative Research on Financial Flows<br />

within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013) [restricted<br />

circulation], p. 42; L. Schuster, “Turning<br />

refugees into “illegal migrants”: Afghan asylum<br />

seekers in Europe”, Ethnic <strong>and</strong> Racial Studies,<br />

vol. 34 (2011), p. 34 Ethnic <strong>and</strong> Racial Studies<br />

1392, 1397; A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou <strong>and</strong> T. Maroukis,<br />

Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from<br />

Asia <strong>and</strong> Africa to Europe (2012), pp. 117,<br />

152–153; Government of Sweden, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />

migrants in Asia (2014); J. Vukašinoviæ, “Illegal<br />

migration in Turkey-EU relations”, European<br />

Perspectives, vol. 3, No. 2 (2011), pp. 147, 153;<br />

Government of Turkey, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in<br />

Asia (2014).<br />

107<br />

UNODC, Recent <strong>Trends</strong> of Human Trafficking<br />

<strong>and</strong> Migrant Smuggling To <strong>and</strong> From Pakistan<br />

(2013), pp. 1–2, 32; K. Ifantis, Addressing<br />

Irregular Migration in the Mediterranean<br />

(2012), p. 16; Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />

immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />

Bulletin, No. 4 (October 2010), p. 21; UNODC,<br />

Migrant Smuggling in Asia: Comparative<br />

Research on Financial Flows within Asia <strong>and</strong><br />

Europe (2013) [restricted circulation], pp. 43–<br />

45.<br />

108<br />

G.A. Antonopoulos <strong>and</strong> J. Winterdyk, “The<br />

smuggling of migrants in Greece”, European<br />

Journal of Criminology, vol. 3, No. 4 (2006),<br />

pp. 439, 453–454; A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou <strong>and</strong><br />

T. Maroukis, Migrant Smuggling: Irregular<br />

Migration from Asia <strong>and</strong> Africa to Europe<br />

(2012), pp. 68–69, 126–128; UNODC, Migrant<br />

Smuggling in Asia: Comparative Research on<br />

Financial Flows within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013)<br />

[restricted circulation], pp. 43–45; Government<br />

of Turkey, Response to questions by UNODC<br />

relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014);<br />

Government of United Kingdom, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />

migrants in Asia (2014); UNODC, Recent <strong>Trends</strong><br />

of Human Trafficking <strong>and</strong> Migrant Smuggling<br />

To <strong>and</strong> From Pakistan (2013), p. 32.<br />

109<br />

UNODC, Recent <strong>Trends</strong> of Human Trafficking<br />

<strong>and</strong> Migrant Smuggling To <strong>and</strong> From Pakistan<br />

123

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