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<strong>Current</strong> <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Challenges</strong><br />

intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.<br />

3 (June 2008), p. 13; Government of Belgium,<br />

Response to questions by UNODC relating to<br />

smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

257<br />

C. Barker, “The people smugglers’ business<br />

model”, Research Paper No. 2, 2012–13 (2013),<br />

p. 17; UNODC, Transnational Organized<br />

Crime in East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat<br />

Assessment (2013), p. 42.<br />

258<br />

Government of New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />

migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

259<br />

P. Hatziprokopiou <strong>and</strong> A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou,<br />

“Governing irregular migration”, IRMA Concept<br />

Paper (2013), p. 29.<br />

260<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A<br />

Thematic Review of Literature (2012), p. 7;<br />

P. Hatziprokopiou <strong>and</strong> A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou,<br />

“Governing irregular migration”, IRMA Concept<br />

Paper (2013), p. 29.<br />

261<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:<br />

Comparative Research on Financial Flows<br />

within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013) [restricted<br />

circulation], pp. 46–47; Government of<br />

Lithuania, Response to questions by UNODC<br />

relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia<br />

(2014); A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou <strong>and</strong> T. Maroukis,<br />

Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from<br />

Asia <strong>and</strong> Africa to Europe (2012), p. 137;<br />

UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), p. 47; Government of New Zeal<strong>and</strong>,<br />

Response to questions by UNODC relating to<br />

smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014); UNODC,<br />

Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic Review<br />

of Literature (2012), p. 13; P. Hatziprokopiou<br />

<strong>and</strong> A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou, “Governing irregular<br />

migration”, IRMA Concept Paper (2013), p. 9;<br />

UNODC, The Role of Organized Crime in the<br />

Smuggling of Migrants from West Africa to the<br />

European Union (2011), p. 37; Government<br />

of Sweden, Response to questions by UNODC<br />

relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia<br />

(2014); Government of Germany, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />

migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

262<br />

UNODC, Recent <strong>Trends</strong> of Human Trafficking<br />

<strong>and</strong> Migrant Smuggling To <strong>and</strong> From Pakistan<br />

(2013), p. 42; UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in<br />

Asia: Comparative Research on Financial Flows<br />

within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013) [restricted<br />

circulation], pp. 46–51.<br />

263<br />

UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), p. 47; K. Koser, “Why migrant smuggling<br />

pays”, International Migration, vol. 46, No.<br />

2 (2008), pp. 3, 13–14; UNODC, Migrant<br />

Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic Review of<br />

Literature (2012), p. 59; Government of Serbia,<br />

Response to questions by UNODC relating<br />

to smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014);<br />

Government of Hungary, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in<br />

Asia (2014); Government of Slovakia, Response<br />

to questions by UNODC relating to smuggling<br />

of migrants in Asia (2014); IOM <strong>and</strong> UK Foreign<br />

<strong>and</strong> Commonwealth Office, Perspectives on<br />

Migration from Iraq (2013), p. 26.<br />

264<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:<br />

Comparative Research on Financial Flows within<br />

Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013) [restricted circulation],<br />

pp. 13, 18, UNODC, Transnational Organized<br />

Crime in East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat<br />

Assessment (2013), p. 47; Europol, “Facilitated<br />

illegal immigration intelligence bulletin”,<br />

Intelligence Bulletin, No. 4 (August 2008), pp.<br />

10–11; Government of Austria, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling<br />

of migrants in Asia (2014); Government of<br />

Belgium, Response to questions by UNODC<br />

relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia<br />

(2014); Government of Hungary, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />

migrants in Asia (2014); Government of Turkey<br />

Response to questions by UNODC relating<br />

to smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014);<br />

Government of Australia, “Country report: biannual<br />

– January to June 2013 as of 7 February<br />

2014”, Voluntary Reporting System on Migrant<br />

Smuggling <strong>and</strong> <strong>Related</strong> Conduct (2014), p. 29.<br />

265<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:<br />

Comparative Research on Financial Flows within<br />

Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013) [restricted circulation],<br />

pp. 46–51; A. Tri<strong>and</strong>afyllidou <strong>and</strong> T. Maroukis,<br />

Migrant Smuggling: Irregular Migration from<br />

137

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