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<strong>Current</strong> <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Challenges</strong><br />

160<br />

UNODC, Strategic Assessment Report on<br />

Migrant Smuggling From Sri Lanka (2013)<br />

[restricted circulation], pp. 38, 46, 55, 70, 80;<br />

C. Barker, “The people smugglers’ business<br />

model”, Research Paper No. 2, 2012–13 (2013),<br />

p. 6–7; UNODC, “Smuggling of migrants by<br />

sea”, Issue Paper (2011), pp. 18–19; E. Howie,<br />

“Sri Lankan boat migration to Australia:<br />

motivations <strong>and</strong> dilemmas”, Economic <strong>and</strong><br />

Political Weekly, vol. 48, No. 35 (2013), p.<br />

97, 100; Australia, ‘Country Report: Yearly<br />

– 2012 as of 19 February 2014’ (Voluntary<br />

Reporting System on Migrant Smuggling <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Related</strong> Conduct, 2014), p. 29; Government of<br />

Australia, Country report: bi-annual – January<br />

to June 2013 as of 7 February 2014”, Voluntary<br />

Reporting System on Migrant Smuggling <strong>and</strong><br />

<strong>Related</strong> Conduct (2014), pp. 27–28.<br />

161<br />

UNODC, “Smuggling of migrants by sea”, Issue<br />

Paper (2011), pp. 18–19; C. Barker, “The people<br />

smugglers’ business model”, Research Paper<br />

No. 2, 2012–13 (2013), p. 37–38; Government<br />

of Australia, Country report: yearly – 2012 as<br />

of 19 February 2014”, Voluntary Reporting<br />

System on Migrant Smuggling <strong>and</strong> <strong>Related</strong><br />

Conduct (2014), p. 14–15; Australia, ‘Country<br />

Report: Bi-Annual – January to June 2013 as of<br />

7 February 2014’ (Voluntary Reporting System<br />

on Migrant Smuggling <strong>and</strong> <strong>Related</strong> Conduct,<br />

2014), p. 27.<br />

162<br />

UNODC, Strategic Assessment Report on<br />

Migrant Smuggling from Sri Lanka (2013)<br />

[restricted circulation], pp. 39, 70; C. Barker,<br />

“The people smugglers’ business model”,<br />

Research Paper No. 2, 2012–13 (2013), pp.<br />

9–10.<br />

163<br />

Pacific Immigration Directors’ Conference,<br />

People Smuggling, Human Trafficking <strong>and</strong><br />

Illegal Migration in the Pacific: A Regional<br />

Perspective (2008), p. 23; Government of<br />

Pakistan, Response to questions by UNODC<br />

relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia (2014);<br />

Government of Australia, Irregular Maritime<br />

Arrivals for 2013(2013).<br />

164<br />

Government of New Zeal<strong>and</strong>, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />

migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

165<br />

UNODC, Strategic Assessment Report on<br />

Migrant Smuggling from Sri Lanka (2013)<br />

[restricted circulation], pp. 40, 55.<br />

166<br />

UNODC, Strategic Assessment Report on<br />

Migrant Smuggling from Sri Lanka (2013)<br />

[restricted circulation], pp. 38; Europol,<br />

“Facilitated illegal immigration intelligence<br />

bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No. 3 (July<br />

2010), p. 5.<br />

167<br />

UNODC, Strategic Assessment Report on<br />

Migrant Smuggling from Sri Lanka (2013)<br />

[restricted circulation], pp. 40.<br />

168<br />

K. Wickramage <strong>and</strong> others, “Irregular migration<br />

as a potential source of malaria reintroduction<br />

in Sri Lanka <strong>and</strong> use of malaria rapid diagnostic<br />

tests at point-of-entry screening”, Case Reports<br />

in Medicine (2013), pp. 1, 2.<br />

169<br />

K. Wickramagea <strong>and</strong> G.N.L. Galappaththy,<br />

“Malaria burden in irregular migrants returning<br />

to Sri Lanka from human smuggling operations<br />

in West Africa <strong>and</strong> implications for a country<br />

reaching malaria elimination”, Transactions<br />

of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine <strong>and</strong><br />

Hygiene, vol. 107 (2013), pp. 337, 338.<br />

170<br />

UNODC, Strategic Assessment Report on<br />

Migrant Smuggling from Sri Lanka (2013)<br />

[restricted circulation], pp. 89.<br />

171<br />

B. Perrin, Migrant Smuggling: Canada’s<br />

Response to a Global Criminal Enterprise<br />

(2011), pp. 5–6.<br />

172<br />

Canada Border Services Agency, Response to<br />

Questions by UNODC relating to Smuggling of<br />

Migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

173<br />

Verité, Labor Brokerage <strong>and</strong> Trafficking of<br />

Nepali Migrant Workers (2012), pp. 78–81.<br />

174<br />

AKM A. Ullah, “Theoretical rhetoric about<br />

migration networks: a case of a journey of<br />

Bangladeshi workers to Malaysia”, International<br />

Migration, vol. 51, No. 3 (2013), pp. 151, 163–<br />

164; A. Schloenhardt <strong>and</strong> H. Hickson, “Noncriminalization<br />

of smuggled migrants: rights,<br />

obligations, <strong>and</strong> Australian practice under<br />

article 5 of the Protocol against the Smuggling<br />

of Migrants by L<strong>and</strong>, Sea <strong>and</strong> Air”, International<br />

151

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