Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web
Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web
Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
<strong>Current</strong> <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Challenges</strong><br />
undocumented migrants in Engl<strong>and</strong>”, Ethnic<br />
<strong>and</strong> Racial Studies, vol. 34, No. 8 (2011), pp.<br />
1286, 1296; <strong>and</strong> Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />
immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />
Bulletin, No. 1 (February 2008), p. 14.<br />
72<br />
Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.<br />
1 (January 2011), p. 7.<br />
73<br />
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:<br />
Comparative Research on Financial Flows<br />
within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013) [restricted<br />
circulation], p. 24.<br />
74<br />
E. Ellis, “Chinese organized crime in Latin<br />
America”, Prism, vol. 1 (2013), pp. 65, 68–<br />
69; Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin,<br />
No. 5 (October 2008), pp. 7–8; UNODC,<br />
Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia <strong>and</strong><br />
the Pacific: A Threat Assessment (2013), p. 29.<br />
75<br />
R. Yamamoto, “Migrants as a crime problem:<br />
the construction of foreign criminality discourse<br />
in contemporary Japan”, International Journal<br />
of Comparative <strong>and</strong> Applied Criminal Justice,<br />
vol. 34, No. (2010), pp. 301, 314.<br />
76<br />
Government of United Kingdom, Response to<br />
questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />
migrants in Asia (2014).<br />
77<br />
ibid.<br />
78<br />
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:<br />
Comparative Research on Financial Flows within<br />
Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe (2013) [restricted circulation],<br />
pp. 22, 108. S. Zhang <strong>and</strong> others, “Women’s<br />
participation in Chinese transnational human<br />
smuggling”, Criminology, vol. 45, No. 3 (2007),<br />
pp. 699, 724; Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />
immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />
Bulletin, No. 1 (January 2011), p. 6.<br />
79<br />
R. Parreñas, Illicit Flirtations: Labor, Migration,<br />
<strong>and</strong> Sex Trafficking in Tokyo (2011), p. 361.<br />
80<br />
J. Song, “‘Smuggled refugees’: the social<br />
construction of North Korean migration”,<br />
International Migration, vol. 51, No. 4 (2013),<br />
pp. 158, 162, 164–165; E. Choi, Gender, Justice<br />
<strong>and</strong> Geopolitics of Undocumented North<br />
Korean migration (2010), p. 151.<br />
81<br />
United Nations, Human Rights Council, Report<br />
of the Detailed Findings of the Commission of<br />
Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic<br />
People’s Republic of Korea, (7 February 2014)<br />
A/HRC/25/CRP.1, pp. 107–110, [381]-[392];<br />
E. Chan <strong>and</strong> A. Schloenhardt, ‘North Korean<br />
refugees <strong>and</strong> international refugee law”,<br />
International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 19<br />
(2007), pp. 215, 221–222.<br />
82<br />
J. Song, “‘Smuggled refugees’: the social<br />
construction of North Korean migration”,<br />
International Migration, vol. 51, No. 4 (2013),<br />
pp. 158, 164.<br />
83<br />
C. Barker, “The people smugglers’ business<br />
model”, Research Paper No. 2, 2012–13 (2013),<br />
p. 31.<br />
84<br />
Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.<br />
2 (April 2006), p. 6.<br />
85<br />
P. Reuter, Draining Development? Controlling<br />
Flows of Illicit Funds from Developing Countries<br />
(2012), p. 188.<br />
86<br />
UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />
East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />
(2013), p. 32.<br />
87<br />
S. Zhang <strong>and</strong> others, “Women’s participation<br />
in Chinese transnational human smuggling”,<br />
Criminology, vol. 45, No. 3 (2007), pp. 699, 703.<br />
88<br />
C.Y. Chu, “Human trafficking <strong>and</strong> smuggling in<br />
China”, Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 20,<br />
No. 68 (2011), pp. 39, 45.<br />
89<br />
ibid., pp. 39, 47.<br />
90<br />
United States, National Institute of Justice,<br />
Asian Transnational Organized Crime <strong>and</strong> Its<br />
Impact on the United States’ (2007), pp. 16, 27.<br />
91<br />
Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.<br />
2 (April 2008), pp. 8–9.<br />
92<br />
Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.<br />
1 (January 2011), pp. 5–6.<br />
175