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Migrant Smuggling in Asia<br />

York, United Kingdom, 19–22 September<br />

2011, p. 7; H.H. Khondker, “Migration,<br />

displacement, <strong>and</strong> precarity in a globalised<br />

world”, ISA eSymposium for Sociology, vol. 3,<br />

No. 1 (2013), pp. 1, 4; Government of United<br />

Kingdom, Response to questions by UNODC<br />

relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia<br />

(2014); Government of Lithuania, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />

migrants in Asia (2014).<br />

173<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic<br />

Review of Literature (2012), p. 89; Mekong<br />

Migration Network <strong>and</strong> Asian Migrant Centre,<br />

Migration in the Greater Mekong Subregion<br />

Resource Book, Fourth Edition (2013), pp. 94,<br />

130 C. Sophal, “Economic costs <strong>and</strong> benefits of<br />

labour migration: case of Cambodia”, in Costs<br />

<strong>and</strong> Benefits of Cross-Country Labour Migration<br />

in the GMS, H. Jalilian, ed. (2013), pp. 118, 185;<br />

S. Paitoonpong <strong>and</strong> others, “Economic costs <strong>and</strong><br />

benefits of labour migration: case of Thail<strong>and</strong>”,<br />

in Costs <strong>and</strong> Benefits of Cross-Country Labour<br />

Migration in the GMS, H. Jalilian, ed. (2013),<br />

pp. 242, 282–283; M. Mon, “Burmese labour<br />

migration into Thail<strong>and</strong>”, Journal of the Asia<br />

Pacific Economy, vol. 15, No. 1 (2010), pp. 33,<br />

33; A. Seltzer, “Human trafficking: the case of<br />

Burmese refugees in Thail<strong>and</strong>”, International<br />

Journal of Comparative <strong>and</strong> Applied Criminal<br />

Justice, vol. 37, No. 4 (2013), pp. 279, 282,<br />

288; P. Palmgren, “Navigating a hostile terrain:<br />

refugees <strong>and</strong> human rights in Southeast Asia”,<br />

Sociology Compass, vol. 5, No. 5 (2011), pp.<br />

323, 332.<br />

174<br />

UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), p. 14.<br />

175<br />

IOM, Country Migration Report: the Philippines<br />

(2013), p. 77.<br />

176<br />

H. Andrevski <strong>and</strong> S. Lyneham, “Experiences<br />

of exploitation <strong>and</strong> human trafficking among<br />

a sample of Indonesian migrant domestic<br />

workers”, <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> Issues in Crime <strong>and</strong><br />

Criminal Justice No. 47 (2014), p. 2; A. Sim<br />

<strong>and</strong> V. Wee, “Undocumented Indonesian<br />

workers in Macau”, Critical Asian Studies, vol.<br />

41, No. 1 (2009), pp. 165, 167, 178; K.F.S. Yin,<br />

“The gendering of domestic worker abuse<br />

in Singapore”, Review of Indonesian <strong>and</strong><br />

Malaysian Affairs, vol. 29, No. 2 (2005), pp.<br />

113, 120; N.T.K. Dung <strong>and</strong> C.C. Loi, “Economic<br />

costs <strong>and</strong> benefits of labour migration: case of<br />

Vietnam”, in Costs <strong>and</strong> Benefits of Cross-Country<br />

Labour Migration in the GMS, H. Jalilian,<br />

ed. (2013), pp. 305, 313, 329–330; UNODC,<br />

Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia<br />

<strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment (2013),<br />

p. 29; Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration<br />

intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.<br />

2 (April 2008), p. 14; Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />

immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />

Bulletin, No. 3 (July 2010), p. 17; Government<br />

of United Kingdom, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants<br />

in Asia (2014); D. Silverstone <strong>and</strong> S. Savage,<br />

‘Farmers, factories <strong>and</strong> funds: organized crime<br />

<strong>and</strong> illicit drugs cultivation within the British<br />

Vietnamese community”, Global Crime, vol.<br />

11, No. 1 (2010), pp. 14, 29.<br />

177<br />

Asia Foundation, Nepal, Labour Migration<br />

<strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> Patterns: Bangladesh, India, <strong>and</strong><br />

Nepal 2013 (2013), pp. 33; Mekong Migration<br />

Network <strong>and</strong> Asian Migrant Centre, Migration<br />

in the Greater Mekong Subregion Resource<br />

Book, Fourth Edition (2013), p. 87.<br />

178<br />

Wise Strategic Communications, Afghanistan<br />

Counter People Smuggling Scoping Study: Final<br />

Report (2010), pp. 6, 30, 38, 42.<br />

179<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic<br />

Review of Literature (2012), pp. 9, 19, 84–85.<br />

180<br />

UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), p. 12.<br />

181<br />

COSPOL, Vietnamese Organized Immigration<br />

Crime (2011), p. 18; ICMPD, Yearbook on Illegal<br />

Migration, Human Smuggling <strong>and</strong> Trafficking<br />

in Central <strong>and</strong> Eastern Europe (2011), p. 216;<br />

Government of Czech Republic, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of<br />

migrants in Asia (2014); UNODC, Transnational<br />

Organized Crime in East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific:<br />

A Threat Assessment (2013), pp. 31–32;<br />

Government of Estonia, Response to questions<br />

by UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in<br />

Asia (2014).<br />

166

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