Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web

Migrant Smuggling in Asia
A. Triandafyllidou and T. Maroukis, Migrant
Smuggling: Irregular Migration from Asia and
Africa to Europe (2012), pp. 131–132, 196;
Government of United Kingdom, Response
to questions by UNODC relating to smuggling
of migrants in Asia (2014); Government of
Norway, Response to questions by UNODC
relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia
(2014); Human Rights Watch, Barely Surviving:
Detention, Abuse, and Neglect of Migrant
Children in Indonesia (2013), p. 20; UNODC,
Migrant Smuggling in Asia: Comparative
Research on Financial Flows within Asia and
Europe (2013) [restricted circulation], pp.
43–45; Government of Germany, Response
to questions by UNODC relating to smuggling
of migrants in Asia (2014); ICMPD, Yearbook
on Illegal Migration, Human Smuggling and
Trafficking in Central and Eastern Europe
(2011), pp. 55, 98; R. Morar and C. Brandibur,
“Analysis of irregular migrants’ trafficking
after Romania adhering to the EU”, Journal of
Criminal Investigations, vol. 5 (2012), pp. 88,
91; D. Pangerc, “Illegal migrations along the
Balkan Route”, SDU Faculty of Arts and Social
Sciences Journal of Social Sciences, Special
Issue on Balkans (2012), pp. 140, 144; European
Migration Network, Practical Measures to
Reduce Irregular Migration (2012), p. 121.
8
UNODC, Recent Trends of Human Trafficking
and Migrant Smuggling To and From Pakistan
(2013), p. 27.
9
ibid., p. 30.
10
European Migration Network, Practical
Measures to Reduce Irregular Migration
(2012), p. 44.
11
Australia, Department of Immigration and
Border Protection, Asylum Trends: Australia
June 2013 – Annual Publication (2013), p.
30; see also K. Ifantis, Addressing Irregular
Migration in the Mediterranean (2012), pp.
20–22.
12
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic
Review of Literature (2012), p. 13, 59, 178;
OECD, International Migration Outlook 2012
(2012), pp. 160–161.
13
UNODC, Recent Trends of Human Trafficking
and Migrant Smuggling To and From Pakistan
(2013), p. 27, 30–32; European Migration
Network, Practical Measures to Reduce
Irregular Migration (2012), p. 36.
14
UNODC, Recent Trends of Human Trafficking
and Migrant Smuggling To and From Pakistan
(2013), p. 31.
15
See Annex 1.
16
Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group
on International Migration including Human
Trafficking, Situation Report on International
Migration in South and South-West Asia
(2011), p. 26; STATT, “Afghan migration in flux”,
Synapse, vol. 10 (2013), pp. 1, 5; H. Spinks,
“Destination anywhere? Factors affecting
asylum seekers’ choice of destination country”,
Research Paper No. 1, 2012–13 (2013), pp.
6–7.
17
Government of United Kingdom, Response to
questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of
migrants in Asia (2014).
18
Australia, Department of Immigration and
Citizenship, Asylum Trends: Australia 2011–
2012 – Annual Publication (2012), p. 25;
UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in
East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assessment
(2013), p. 40.
19
Z. Sahin-Mencütek, “Immigration control in
transit states: the case of Turkey”, European
Journal of Economic and Political Studies, vol.
5 (2012), pp. 137, 150; A. Triandafyllidou and
T. Maroukis, Migrant Smuggling: Irregular
Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe
(2012), p. 138.
20
Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group
on International Migration including Human
Trafficking, Situation Report on International
Migration in South and South-West Asia
(2011), pp. 67–69, 98; STATT, “Afghan
migration in flux”, Synapse, vol. 10 (2013), pp.
1, 4–5, 14; N van Hear and others, “Drivers
of migration”, Working Paper No. 1 (2012),
pp. 24–25, 28; UNODC, Migrant Smuggling
in Asia: Comparative Research on Financial
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