Current_Trends_and_Related_Challenges_web

Migrant Smuggling in Asia
93
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], pp. 20–24.
94
COSPOL, Vietnamese Organized Immigration
Crime (2011), p. 18; Europol, “Facilitated
illegal immigration intelligence bulletin”,
Intelligence Bulletin, No. 1 January 2011), pp.
8–9, Government of Slovakia, Response to
questions by UNODC relating to smuggling of
migrants in Asia (2014).
95
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], pp. 20–24.
96
J. Song, “‘Smuggled refugees’: the social
construction of North Korean migration”,
International Migration, vol. 51, No. 4 (2013),
pp. 158, 164–165.
97
J. Song, “‘Smuggled refugees’: the social
construction of North Korean migration”,
International Migration, vol. 51, No. 4 (2013),
pp. 158, 164.
98
ICMPD, Yearbook on Illegal Migration, Human
Smuggling and Trafficking in Central and
Eastern Europe (2011), p. 250.
99
Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.
1 (January 2011), p. 5; Europol, “Facilitated
illegal immigration intelligence bulletin”,
Intelligence Bulletin, No. 2 (April 2008), p. 16.
100
Government of Germany, Response to
questions by UNODC relating to smuggling
of migrants in Asia (2014); Government of
Ukraine, Response to questions by UNODC
relating to smuggling of migrants in Asia
(2014); UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], p. 29; UNODC, Transnational
Organized Crime in East Asia and the Pacific:
A Threat Assessment (2013), p. 5; C. Kagan and
others, Experiences of Forced Labour Among
Chinese Migrant Workers (2011), p. 20; see
also Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin,
No. 1 (February 2008), p. 14; Government of
United Kingdom, Response to questions by
UNODC relating to smuggling of migrants in
Asia (2014).
101
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], pp. 24–25; A. Bloch and others,
“Migration routes and strategies of young
undocumented migrants in England”, Ethnic
and Racial Studies, vol. 34, No. 8 (2011), pp.
1286, 1291.
102
UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in
East Asia and the Pacific: A Threat Assessment
(2013), p. 33. See also S. Zhang and K. Chin,
“Enter the dragon: inside Chinese human
smuggling organizations”, Criminology, vol. 40,
No. 4 (2002), pp. 737, 751.
103
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], pp. 24–25.
104
C. Kagan and others, Experiences of Forced
Labour Among Chinese Migrant Workers
(2011), p. 20; UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in
Asia: Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], pp. 24–25.
105
UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia:
Comparative Research on Financial Flows
within Asia and Europe (2013) [restricted
circulation], pp. 16–17; L. Zhao, “Chinese
underground banks and their connections with
crime”, International Criminal Justice Review,
vol. 22, No. 1 (2012), pp. 5, 12.
106
Europol, “Facilitated illegal immigration
intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No.
2 (April 2010), p. 6; Europol, “Facilitated illegal
immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence
Bulletin, No. 4 (August 2008), pp. 15–16.
107
L. Zhao, “Chinese underground banks and their
connections with crime”, International Criminal
Justice Review, vol. 22, No. 1 (2012), pp. 5, 12.
176