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Migrant Smuggling in Asia<br />

Singapore: trends, policies, impacts, <strong>and</strong><br />

challenges”, Discussion Paper No. 24 (2011),<br />

p. 27; K. Ueno, “Love gain: the transformation<br />

of intimacy among foreign domestic workers<br />

in Singapore”, SOJOURN: Journal of Social<br />

Issues in Southeast Asia, vol. 28, No. 1 (2013),<br />

pp. 36, 40; Mekong Migration Network <strong>and</strong><br />

Asian Migrant Centre, Migration in the Greater<br />

Mekong Subregion Resource Book, Fourth<br />

Edition (2013), p. 87.<br />

34<br />

Singapore, Immigration <strong>and</strong> Checkpoints<br />

Authority, ICA Yearbook 2012 (2013), p. 2.<br />

35<br />

ibid.<br />

36<br />

Mekong Migration Network <strong>and</strong> Asian<br />

Migrant Centre, Migration in the Greater<br />

Mekong Subregion Resource Book, Fourth<br />

Edition (2013), p. 82; IOM, Gender <strong>and</strong> Labour<br />

Migration in Asia (2009), p. 211.<br />

37<br />

UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), pp. 12–13.<br />

38<br />

UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A Thematic<br />

Review of Literature (2012), p. 20.<br />

39<br />

ibid. p. 18, 20; S. Djajic <strong>and</strong> A. Vinogradova,<br />

“Undocumented migrants in debt”, Labour<br />

Economics, vol. 21 (2013), pp. 15, 17.<br />

40<br />

Government of Czech Republic, Response to<br />

questions by UNODC relating to smuggling<br />

of migrants in Asia (2014); UNODC, Migrant<br />

Smuggling in Asia: Comparative Research<br />

on Financial Flows within Asia <strong>and</strong> Europe<br />

(2013) [restricted circulation], pp. 34; Europol,<br />

“Facilitated illegal immigration intelligence<br />

bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No. 1 (January<br />

2011), p. 18; COSPOL, Vietnamese Organized<br />

Immigration Crime (2011), p. 24; Europol,<br />

“Facilitated illegal immigration intelligence<br />

bulletin”, Intelligence Bulletin, No. 2 (May<br />

2011), pp. 8–9; see also Europol, “Facilitated<br />

illegal immigration intelligence bulletin”,<br />

Intelligence Bulletin, No. 2 (April 2010), pp.<br />

15–16.<br />

41<br />

UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), pp. iv–v, 33.<br />

42<br />

UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), pp. iv–v, 34; see also Annex 3.<br />

43<br />

N.T.K. Dung <strong>and</strong> C.C. Loi, “Economic costs <strong>and</strong><br />

benefits of labour migration: case of Vietnam”,<br />

in Costs <strong>and</strong> Benefits of Cross-Country Labour<br />

Migration in the GMS, H. Jalilian, ed. (2013),<br />

pp. 305, 322–323, 347.<br />

Mekong Migration Network <strong>and</strong> Asian Migrant<br />

Centre, Migration in the Greater Mekong<br />

Subregion Resource Book, Fourth Edition<br />

(2013), p. 82.<br />

44<br />

Mekong Migration Network & Asian Migrant<br />

Centre, Migration in the Greater Mekong<br />

Subregion Resource Book, Fourth Edition<br />

(2013), p. 82; UNODC, Transnational Organized<br />

Crime in East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat<br />

Assessment (2013), pp. iv–v, 34; see also Annex<br />

3.<br />

45<br />

AKM A. Ullah <strong>and</strong> M. Hossain, “Gendering<br />

cross-border networks in the Greater Mekong<br />

Subregion”, Austrian Journal of South-East<br />

Asian Studies, vol. 4, No. 2 (2011), pp. 273,<br />

283; ADB, Facilitating Safe Labor Migration<br />

in the Greater Mekong Subregion (2013), p.<br />

3; UNODC, Transnational Organized Crime in<br />

East Asia <strong>and</strong> the Pacific: A Threat Assessment<br />

(2013), pp. 6–7; Mekong Migration Network<br />

<strong>and</strong> Asian Migrant Centre, Migration in the<br />

Greater Mekong Subregion Resource Book,<br />

Fourth Edition (2013), pp. 92, 103; C. Sophal,<br />

“Economic costs <strong>and</strong> benefits of labour<br />

migration: case of Cambodia”, in Costs <strong>and</strong><br />

Benefits of Cross-Country Labour Migration in<br />

the GMS, H. Jalilian, ed. (2013), pp. 118, 121,<br />

135; UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in Asia: A<br />

Thematic Review of Literature (2012), p. 18.<br />

46<br />

R. Margesson, “Displaced populations in<br />

Burma’s borderl<strong>and</strong>s”, in The Borderl<strong>and</strong>s of<br />

Southeast Asia: Geopolitics, Terrorism <strong>and</strong><br />

Globalization, J. Clad <strong>and</strong> others, eds. (2011),<br />

pp. 187, 201; World Bank, Gaining From<br />

Migration: Migration <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> Policy Lessons<br />

in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region (2012), p.<br />

33; ADB, Facilitating Safe Labor Migration in<br />

the Greater Mekong Subregion (2013), p. 8.<br />

158

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