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<strong>Current</strong> <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Challenges</strong><br />

Review of Literature (2012), p. 8; Government<br />

of Maldives, “Country report: yearly – 2012<br />

as of 19 February 2014”, Voluntary Reporting<br />

System on Migrant Smuggling <strong>and</strong> <strong>Related</strong><br />

Conduct (2014), pp. 7–8.<br />

25<br />

Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group<br />

on International Migration including Human<br />

Trafficking, Situation Report on International<br />

Migration in South <strong>and</strong> South-West Asia<br />

(2011), p. 76; UNODC, Migrant Smuggling in<br />

Asia: A Thematic Review of Literature (2012),<br />

p. 8.<br />

26<br />

UNODC, Recent <strong>Trends</strong> of Human Trafficking<br />

<strong>and</strong> Migrant Smuggling To <strong>and</strong> From Pakistan<br />

(2013), p. 20–21, 23; Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic<br />

Working Group on International Migration<br />

including Human Trafficking, Situation Report<br />

on International Migration in South <strong>and</strong> South-<br />

West Asia (2011), p. 196; K.C. Saha, “Smuggling<br />

of Indian citizens”, Journal of Immigrant <strong>and</strong><br />

Refugee Studies, vol. 5, No. 1 (2007), pp. 55,<br />

64; Verité, Labor Brokerage <strong>and</strong> Trafficking of<br />

Nepali Migrant Workers (2012), p. 20<br />

27<br />

Verité, Labor Brokerage <strong>and</strong> Trafficking of<br />

Nepali Migrant Workers (2012), p. 76.<br />

28<br />

ibid., p. 20.<br />

29<br />

Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group<br />

on International Migration including Human<br />

Trafficking, Situation Report on International<br />

Migration in South <strong>and</strong> South-West Asia (2011),<br />

p. 196.<br />

30<br />

Asia-Pacific RCM Thematic Working Group<br />

on International Migration including Human<br />

Trafficking, Situation Report on International<br />

Migration in South <strong>and</strong> South-West Asia,<br />

(2011), p. 82; P. Wickramasekara, “Labour<br />

migration in South Asia: a review of issues,<br />

policies <strong>and</strong> practices”, International Migration<br />

Paper No. 108 (2011), pp. 6, 9; Asia Foundation,<br />

Nepal, Labour Migration <strong>Trends</strong> <strong>and</strong> Patterns:<br />

Bangladesh, India, <strong>and</strong> Nepal 2013 (2013), pp.<br />

41, 43.<br />

31<br />

Verité, Labor Brokerage <strong>and</strong> Trafficking of<br />

Nepali Migrant Workers (2012), ppl. 9, 77, 79.<br />

32<br />

S. Cheung, “Migration control <strong>and</strong> the<br />

solutions impasse in South <strong>and</strong> Southeast Asia:<br />

implications from the Rohingya experience”,<br />

Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 25, No. 1 (2011),<br />

pp. 50, 58; D. Jayasuriya <strong>and</strong> M. McAuliffe,<br />

“Placing recent Sri Lankan maritime arrivals<br />

in a broader migration context”, Irregular<br />

Migration Research Program Occasional Paper<br />

Series 02/2013 (2013), p. 10, 15; UNHCR,<br />

“Population statistics refugees <strong>and</strong> asylum<br />

seekers worldwide by country of origin/country<br />

returned” (2014). Available from http://<br />

; University<br />

of New South Wales Social Policy Research<br />

Centre, The Experiences of Irregular Maritime<br />

Arrivals Detained in Immigration Detention<br />

Facilities (2013), p. 70. UNODC, Strategic<br />

Assessment Report on Migrant Smuggling<br />

from Sri Lanka (2013) [restricted circulation],<br />

pp. 38, 40–41, 49, 51–53, 55, 63–64, 70, 78,<br />

85; C. Barker, “The people smugglers’ business<br />

model”, Research Paper No. 2, 2012–13 (2013),<br />

pp. 6–7; UNODC, “Smuggling of migrants by<br />

sea”, Issue Paper (2011), pp. 18–19; UNODC,<br />

Transnational Organized Crime in East Asia <strong>and</strong><br />

the Pacific: A Threat Assessment (2013), pp.<br />

41–42, 44; Government of Australia, “Country<br />

report: yearly – 2012 as of 19 February 2014”,<br />

Voluntary Reporting System on Migrant<br />

Smuggling <strong>and</strong> <strong>Related</strong> Conduct (2014), p. 29;<br />

Government of Australia, “Country report: biannual<br />

– January to June 2013 as of 7 February<br />

2014”, Voluntary Reporting System on Migrant<br />

Smuggling <strong>and</strong> <strong>Related</strong> Conduct (2014), pp.<br />

27–28; I. Ashutosh <strong>and</strong> A. Mountz, “The<br />

geopolitics of migrant mobility: tracing state<br />

relations through refugee claims, boats, <strong>and</strong><br />

discourses”, Geopolitics, vol. 17, No. 2 (2012),<br />

pp. 335, 341; E. Lanza <strong>and</strong> M.A. Pasculli, “The<br />

condition of foreigner as a contact between<br />

illegal immigration <strong>and</strong> trafficking in human<br />

beings/smuggling of migrants: a report about<br />

Italian legislation”, International Journal of<br />

Humanities <strong>and</strong> Social Science, vol. 2, No. 19<br />

(2012), pp. 102, 104; UNODC <strong>and</strong> Institute of<br />

Social Science, Smuggling of Migrants From<br />

India to Europe <strong>and</strong> in Particular to United<br />

Kingdom, A Study on Punjab <strong>and</strong> Haryana<br />

(2009), pp. 39–40; Europol, “Facilitated illegal<br />

immigration intelligence bulletin”, Intelligence<br />

Bulletin, No. 3 (July 2010), p. 19; N. Smith,<br />

‘Donkey Flights’: Illegal Immigration From the<br />

141

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