Alexander : a history of the origin and growth of the art of war from ...

OfREWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS. 81the leader!? frequently prevented Athens from securing theresults of otherwise good management. Recognizing this difficulty,it was finally decreed that most of the strategoi shouldremain in Athens to attend to the victualing of the troopsand the general business management, while one of thearchons (polemarch) should accompany thearmy, and keepup communication between the strategoi at the rear and front,and preside at the council of war. The polemarch had alsospecific military duties, and commanded a wing of the army— usually the right. Sometimes, on occasions of great danger,the most celebrated general or citizen was chosen commander-in-chiefwith extraordinary powers. Alcibiades wasthus honored. Under the ten strategoi were ten taxiarchs,who were a sort of aide-de-camp, but with specific duties andcommand. The taxiarchs looked after victual, camps, theorder of march, weapons, and so forth. Each strategos alsohad one or more heralds.Rewards and punishments were practically the same as withother states. Those who avoided military duty by false pretextswere dressed in women's clothes, and exliibited in public; cowards were excluded from religious ceremonials andconventions of the people.Culprits were forbidden to marryeven their families joined in disgracing them ; and they weresubjected to cuffs and insults in public, which they might notresent.The Athenians, owing to their greater luxuries, were thefirst in Greece whose army fell into slackness and weak discipline.The Athenian army consisted T)f ten chiliarchias (orregiments), one for every tribe, of one thousand or more meneach, commanded by a ehiliarch or colonel, and under himcaptains and file leaders." had a servant or armsbearer,who retired to,cavalry therewas, previous to the P >rce of but ninety-