Alexander : a history of the origin and growth of the art of war from ...

SPACE OCCUPIED. 149The phalanx could wheel and half-wheel to the right andleft, or wheel completely to the rear. Countermarches weremade by files and by ranks.Ranks were doubled from openorder by the even number man of each file stepping into theinterval on the left of his file-leader.Ground was taken to the right and o ° ooleft on the centre. Files were broken o ° oo°oo o o oin two and the rear half marched into o ^ ° oO O othe intervals. The men broke by ° o ° ° osections to the right and left to take°o ° oorder of march. The infantry was o ° o'' o oalso drilled in a certain manual of o ° oo »arms, and in facing and marching to ^ o°"o**either flank, and to the rear, at differ-^° « ^ent paces. There were numbers ofo° oother manoeuvres and formations.„A lochos was forty-eight feet deep," °in common or battle order. When. - Formation with Brokeneach one occupied three feet front,r^„,^, ^^^ YUes.a taxiarchia would take up twentyfourfeet, a syntagma forty-eight feet front, or say fifty feet.This would give two hundred feet to the chiliarchia or regiment,not counting intervals, about which the informationvery contradictory. A simple phalanx of infantry, withoutits cavalry, and placing the psiloi and peltasts in front andrear, would thus cover a front ofoiseight hundred feet, and agrand phalanx three thousand two hundred feet,fifths of a mile.say threeCommands were given by the voice, by trumpets, and bysignals of a standard, sword or spear. A raised standardmeant advance ; a lowered standard meant retreat ; a lanceheld erect and still was a demand for parley.to have been a code ofwere not at all uncertain.There appearssignals by smoke, which Polybius says