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452 ALEXANDER AT CAUCASUM.tions to defend its defiles. By the most difficult one he couldscarcely travel at this early winter season, certainly not takehis horses with him. He was forced to wait.During this interval Alexander founded a new city — Alexandriaad Caucasum — near modern Beghram, some twentyfivemiles northwest of Cabul. He chose the site with his,>.M">"''«UI".Routes over Caucasus.usual discretion, at the point «vhere the three roads branchoff to the different passes to Bactriana. The city was built tokeep his troops busy till the winter season had so far passedthat he might cross, and to enable him to hold the pass he proposedto use. For the inimical tribes he was about to encountermight as easily cut off his retreat in case of disaster as nowimpede his advance. Alexander recognized, also, that beyondthis range he was going into a real terra incognita, wherevaried and great and unknown perils certainly awaited him,and he took his measures accordingly. Here in his new post
CHANGES IN ORGANIZATION. 453were left the Persian Proexes, as viceroy, and Neiloxenus, aCompanion, as his military associate.By the experience of his late campaigns Alexander hadlearned that the fighting he would now be called upon to dowould need much greater mobility in his troops than they hadIiitherto possessed. There was no more organized oppositionto his sway on a large scale.pitched battles to fight.There would be in the future noWhat he would now have to encounterwould be isolated bodies, such as that under Bessus, andmuch small war, demanding rapid marching and restless pursuit.He needed an army consisting of smaller units ; hemust have a greater percentage of light troops ;he must utilizeOriental recruits in filling gaps, for sheer want of Macedonianreinforcements. For these reasons he was inducedagain to make sundry changes, partly, too, for that he hadlost many of his old and trusted officers and must advancethe younger to more responsible commands. From 329 b. c.dates the promotion of young lieutenants, and from now onhis work was done with these.Each o*f the eight iles of horse Companions had beenalready divided into two companies ; and eight companieswere now made into a hipparchy. Thus he had two hipparchiesor regiments of eight companies each, instead ofone of eight iles.butAs before stated, Clitus was put in commandof one ; Hephaestion of the other. Later, again, when the armygrew much larger, the Companion cavalry appears to havebeen extended to eight hipparchies, of say eight hundredmen each. In the Indian campaign five hipparchs are named,— Hephsestion, Perdiccas, Demetrius, Clitus, Craterus andCoenus with the agema.The mercenary cavalry, which in 331 b. c. had reachedAlexander four hundred strong under Menidas, was likewiseincreased to a hipparchy by additional recruits ; it is not said
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Pleaselandle this volumewith care.l
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76^Copyright, 1890,By THEODORE AYRA
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" Faites la guerre offensive comme
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viiiPREFACE.diary of Eumenes, his s
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XPREFACE.other great captains and e
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xuPREFACE.and such exertion, mental
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xivPREFACE.created to conform to th
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TABLE OF CONTENTS.CHAFTEBVIII.IX.X.
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LISTOF ILLUSTRATIONS.Portrait of Al
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.xxiPlain of M
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.xxiiiAlexande
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.xxvAlexander,
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2 THE ART OF WAR.history contain on
Page 38 and 39:
4 '* ACTION, ACTION, ACTION!'*peril
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6 PURPOSE OF THIS WORK.open to the
Page 42 and 43:
8 HISTORY OF WAR.Cyrus, and capped
Page 44 and 45:
10 ORIGIN OF ORGANIZATION.for use h
Page 46 and 47:
12 ORIENTAL ARMIES.The existence of
Page 48 and 49:
III.EARLY ORIENTAL ARMIES.Among tbe
Page 50 and 51:
16 ORIENTAL HEAVY TROOPS.slings ; t
Page 52 and 53:
18 ORIENTAL CITIES.a wood or river.
Page 54 and 55:
20 JEWISH ORGANIZATION.later day th
Page 56 and 57:
22 EGYPTIAN ARMY.the boys in Egypt
Page 58 and 59:
24 CYRUS.have conquered territory a
Page 60 and 61:
26 CAMBYSES' CLASSES.capture towns,
Page 62 and 63:
28 EARLY METHOD OF FIGHTING.ligence
Page 64 and 65:
30 SIEGE OF TROY.no tents, but camp
Page 66 and 67:
32 THE HOPLITE.sung in lils honor,
Page 68 and 69:
34 MILITARY COMMAND.invariably by t
Page 70 and 71:
36 THE SPARTAN SOLDIER.were compell
Page 72 and 73:
38 WAR A RELAXATION.If the enemy wa
Page 74 and 75:
40 THE HOPLITE'S ARMOR.gymnastic an
Page 76 and 77:
42 BATTLE OF AMPH^A.Itliome, in a r
Page 78 and 79:
V.CYRUS AND DARIUS. B. C. 558-485.T
Page 80 and 81:
46 WHAT MAKES A GREAT CAPTAIN.searc
Page 82 and 83:
48 FORCES AT THYMBRA.for the succee
Page 84 and 85:
60 VICTORY AT THYMBRA.end o£ the l
Page 86 and 87:
52 CYRUS AND THE MASSAGETJS.soldier
Page 88 and 89:
54 SCYTHIAN STRATEGY.constant threa
Page 90 and 91:
VI.ARMIES IN THE FIFTH CENTURY B. C
Page 92 and 93:
58 PERSIAN LEVIES.were kept tinder
Page 94 and 95:
60 PERSIAN TACTICS.in the East then
Page 96 and 97:
62 GREEKS BECOME MERCENARIES.mercen
Page 98 and 99:
64 RELATIVE STRENGTH OF HEAVY AND L
Page 100 and 101:
66 FORMATION OF PHALANX.larger divi
Page 102 and 103:
68 ORDER OF MARCH.serve to reestabl
Page 104 and 105:
70 PAY AND RATIONS.was sure to crus
Page 106 and 107:
72 CEREMONIES PRECEDING BATTLE.as i
Page 108 and 109:
74 SIEGE OPERATIONS.or sometimes st
Page 110 and 111:
H76 DEVICES FOR DEFENSE.Movable tow
Page 112 and 113:
78 DECAY OF SPARTAN ARMY.The method
Page 114 and 115:
80 STRATEGOLand sucli other tactica
Page 116 and 117:
82 ATHENIAN CAVALRY.six men, which
Page 118 and 119:
VII.MILTIADES. — MARATHON. B. C.
Page 120 and 121:
86 MILTIADES' PLAN.were lightly arm
Page 122 and 123:
88 MILTIADES' MANCEUVRE.pieces unde
Page 124 and 125:
90 SPARTANS COME TOO LATE.ades, all
Page 126 and 127:
VIII.BRASIDAS. B. C. 424-422.The Pe
Page 128 and 129:
94 BATTLE OF OLPJB.against the fire
Page 130 and 131:
96 RETREAT FROM ILLYRIA.to them in
Page 132 and 133:
98 AMPHIPOLIS.mon, situated on a hi
Page 134 and 135:
100 CHARACTER OF PELOPONNESIAN WAR.
Page 136 and 137:
102 BATTLE OF CUNAXA.They marclied
Page 138 and 139:
104 CONDUCT OF THE PHALANX.opments
Page 140 and 141:
106 COLUMN WELL CLOSED.safety of hi
Page 142 and 143:
108 XENOPHON'S GUIDES.after much da
Page 144 and 145:
110 RIVER CENTRITES.phon through th
Page 146 and 147:
112 DISTANCE MARCHED.the river. See
Page 148 and 149:
114 RUSE OF AGESILAUS.terrain which
Page 150 and 151:
X.EPAMINONDAS. B. C. 371-362.Associ
Page 152 and 153:
118 AN ECHELONED LINE.weak point of
Page 154 and 155:
120 FORCES AT MANTINGA.cavalry had
Page 156 and 157:
122 EPAMINONDAS' RUSE.right there w
Page 158 and 159:
124 VICTORY.Meanwhile the Theban co
Page 160 and 161:
126 PHILIP OF MACEDON.always factor
Page 162 and 163:
128 CHJERON^A.but put down the revo
Page 164 and 165:
130 ALEXANDER AND PHILIP QUARREL.wi
Page 166 and 167:
132 A KING FROM THE START.as well a
Page 168 and 169:
XII.PHILIP AND HIS ARMY. B. C. 359-
Page 170 and 171:
136 PHILIP'S IMPROVEMENTS.War, as a
Page 172 and 173:
138 THE HOPLITES.much larger than t
Page 174 and 175:
140 THE SARISSA.headgear. At all ev
Page 176 and 177:
MI I I I I I r^T142 THE PHALANX.san
Page 178 and 179:
144 THE HYPASPISTS.inal region. The
Page 180 and 181:
146 POSITION OF SARISSAS.In parade
Page 182 and 183:
. O O O (148 DRILL FORMATIONS.the h
Page 184 and 185:
150 THE CAVALRY.Philip introduced t
Page 186 and 187:
162 THE COMPANIONS.Cavalry Companio
Page 188 and 189:
154 THE DRAGOONS.The Thessalian hor
Page 190 and 191:
166 SPACE OCCUPIED BY PHALANX.alrym
Page 192 and 193:
158 KATE OF PAY.population, and bei
Page 194 and 195:
160 ELAN OF THE CAVALRY.then had to
Page 196 and 197:
162 THE BALLISTA.hundred paces. Som
Page 198 and 199:
164 CAMP AND PICKET DUTY.of the wor
Page 200 and 201:
166 EDGING TO THE RIGHT.ground the
Page 202 and 203:
168 RANK AND COMMAND.of high extrac
Page 204 and 205:
170 COUNCILS OF WAR.the officers of
Page 206 and 207:
172 SCALING WALLS.Thebes, and Campa
Page 208 and 209:
oho
Page 210 and 211:
176 MOVING THE TOWERS.Tower with Dr
Page 212 and 213:
178 SIEGE DEVICES.fi
Page 214 and 215:
180 FIELD FORTIFICATION.machines ne
Page 216 and 217:
182 ALEXANDER'S YOUTH.mind was aler
Page 218 and 219:
184 DANGER FROM ALL SIDES.he speedi
Page 220 and 221:
186 ALEXANDER MADE HEGEMON.all thin
Page 222 and 223:
XV.THE DANUBE. B. C. 335.There rema
Page 224 and 225:
190 MOUNT H.EMUS.Mount Hsemus, —
Page 226 and 227:
192 CROSSING MOUNT H^MUS.the phalan
Page 228 and 229:
194 THE GETJE.broken and driven bac
Page 230 and 231:
196 VICTORY OVER GETJE.growing corn
Page 232 and 233:
XVI.PELIUM. B. C. 335.Alexander now
Page 234 and 235:
200 LANGARUS.the valleys of the Ery
Page 236 and 237:
202 SERIOUS SITUATION.interrupted b
Page 238 and 239:
204 SINGULAR DRILL.review, with its
Page 240 and 241:
206 CROSSING THE FORD.expressed tha
Page 242 and 243:
208 RECAPTURE OF PELIUM.idly on his
Page 244 and 245:
210 WHAT IS LUCK?Some o£ the Theba
Page 246 and 247:
212 REMARKABLE MARCH.to exist for t
Page 248 and 249:
214 CAPTURE OF THEBES.it was neck o
Page 250 and 251:
216 ATHENS SUBMITS.which under Epam
Page 252 and 253:
XVIII.OFF FOR ASIA. B. C. 334.Alexa
Page 254 and 255:
220 LACK OF A FLEET.detail lie may
Page 256 and 257:
222 MEMNON IN ASIA MINOR.borrowed e
Page 258 and 259:
224 ALEXAXDER STARTS.richest of cou
Page 260 and 261:
226 CHANGES IN COMMAND.Peltasts :Ma
Page 262 and 263:
228 ALEXANDER'S OFFICERS.1. Parmeni
Page 264 and 265:
230 ALEXANDER.59. Antigenes, comman
Page 266 and 267:
232 TROY.ished on the Trojan shore,
Page 268 and 269:
XIX.BATTLE OF THE GRANICUS. MAY, B.
Page 270 and 271:
236 MEMNON'S ADVICE.among whom were
Page 272 and 273:
238 THE PERSIAN POSITION.to be take
Page 274 and 275:
240 THE BATTLE OPENS.in long phalan
Page 276 and 277:
242 A TUSSLE OF HEROES.das certainl
Page 278 and 279:
244 LOSSES AT THE GRANICUS.Instantl
Page 280 and 281:
246 PERCENTAGES OF KILLED.to declin
Page 282 and 283:
248 GREEK VERSUS MODERN LOSSES.thou
Page 284 and 285:
250 PROSPECTS.ble of doing, if led
Page 286 and 287:
XX.SARDIS, MILETUS, HALICARNASSUS.
Page 288 and 289:
254 SARDIS REWARDED.He gave to Mith
Page 290 and 291:
256 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS.Persian rul
Page 292 and 293:
258 NAVAL BATTLE DECLINED.fortunate
Page 294 and 295:
260 PERSIAN FLEET BESIEGED.of their
Page 296 and 297:
262 MEMNON.The king then marched al
Page 298 and 299:
264 MYNDUS.mixed up in the murder o
Page 300 and 301:
266 A SORTIE.loss of one hundred an
Page 302 and 303:
268 HALICARNASSUS DESTROYED.eluding
Page 304 and 305:
270 THE ARMY DIVIDES.It was approac
Page 306 and 307:
272 LYCTA.were cut off, these brave
Page 308 and 309:
274 THE PAMPHYLIAN LADDERS.compelle
Page 310 and 311:
276 ALEXANDER'S STUBBORNNESS.that"
Page 312 and 313:
278 A RUSE.was hewn in the rock alo
Page 314 and 315:
280 PISIDIA REDUCED.by Alexander in
Page 316 and 317:
282 WHAT HAD BEEN GAINED.paign are
Page 318 and 319:
XXII.CILICIA. SUMMER AND FALL, B. C
Page 320 and 321:
286 DARIUS' PLANS.Alexander's landi
Page 322 and 323:
288 THE GORDIAN KNOT.calculated tha
Page 324 and 325:
290 THE CILICIAN GATES.had expected
Page 326 and 327:
292 SICK UNTO DEATH.It was at Tarsu
Page 328 and 329:
294 THE SEASON'S WORK.with a person
Page 330 and 331:
296 MARCHING TO MEET DARIUS.the Syr
Page 332 and 333:
298 HOW SUCCESS IS WON.activity wou
Page 334 and 335:
300 DARIUS CERTAIN OF VICTORY.Arsam
Page 336 and 337:
302 THE MACEDONIANS UNCERTAIN.diffi
Page 338 and 339:
304 TOWARDS THE BATTLEFIELD.road to
Page 340 and 341:
306 DARIUS' ARMY.to retire right an
Page 342 and 343:
308 ALEXANDER'S ARMY.over to his ri
Page 344 and 345:
310 THE BATTLE OPENS.Darius awaited
Page 346 and 347:
312 DARIUS' LEFT BROKEN.ite method,
Page 348 and 349:
314 THESSALIAN GALLANTRY.On the lef
Page 350 and 351:
316 LOSSES IN THE BATTLE.his centre
Page 352 and 353:
318 DARIUS' FAMILY.Plutarch, Arrlan
Page 354 and 355:
320 TWO KINGS CONTRASTED.misconduct
Page 356 and 357:
322 RESULTS OF ISSUS.nicia, instead
Page 358 and 359:
324 PHCENICIAN FLEETS.Each city con
Page 360 and 361:
326 TYRE REFUSES TO SUBMIT.ancient
Page 362 and 363:
328 THE PRIZE OF ISSUS.after the ba
Page 364 and 365:
330 THE MOLE.mole was designed to b
Page 366 and 367:
332 A NEW FLEET.But this disaster b
Page 368 and 369:
334 THE SIEGE MACHINERY.sels had co
Page 370 and 371:
836 A NAVAL BATTLE.daughter ;for Ca
Page 372 and 373:
338 AN ASSAULT REPULSED.too solid f
Page 374 and 375:
340 THE LOSSES.fill slaughter ensue
Page 376 and 377:
342 JERUSALEM.menio, so would I ; b
Page 378 and 379:
344 GAZA BESIEGED.with liis fleet.
Page 380 and 381:
346 A FOURTH ASSAULT.the forced lab
Page 382 and 383:
348 THE NILE.friends the Greek merc
Page 384 and 385:
350 JUPITER AMMON.and Alexander not
Page 386 and 387:
352 MANAGEMENT OF EGYPT.changed ;th
Page 388 and 389:
354 ALEXANDER'S FRIENDS.tan influen
Page 390 and 391:
356 CROSSING THE EUPHRATES.were no
Page 392 and 393:
358 DARIUS' MISTAKES.ander's tact a
Page 394 and 395:
360 THE ROYAL CAPTIVES.river bulwar
Page 396 and 397:
362 MEETING THE PERSIAN VAN.at Arbe
Page 398 and 399:
3G4MARCH ON THE ENEMY.The camp, whi
Page 400 and 401:
366 NO NIGHT ATTACK.taking off thei
Page 402 and 403:
368 PERSIANS LIE ON THEIR ARMS.ande
Page 404 and 405:
w> 11P3 ?|5UCR.ALL. CAV.CRATERU5.SI
Page 406 and 407:
872 ALEXANDER'S FLYING WINGS.or rat
Page 408 and 409:
374 ALEXANDER CONFIDENT.large part
Page 410 and 411:
376 THE RIGHT IN DANGER.sian divers
Page 412 and 413:
378 A GAP IN THE PERSIAN LINE.stead
Page 414 and 415:
380 DANGER TO THE LEFT.While Alexan
Page 416 and 417:
382 PARMENIO BEGS FOR HELP.mighty t
Page 418 and 419:
384 LOSSES.back the Persian right.
Page 420 and 421:
386 PARMENIO.Parmenio may, by compa
Page 422 and 423:
388 THE PRIZE OF ARBELA.follow.He s
Page 424 and 425:
390 THE SOLDIERS REWARDED.The surre
Page 426 and 427:
392 PROMOTIONS.Menes, to Antipater
Page 428 and 429:
394 TOWARDS PERSTS.those who are su
Page 430 and 431:
396 ALEXANDER'S KNOWLEDGE.equal Han
Page 432 and 433:
398 CURTIUS' ACCOUNT.edly upon thes
Page 434 and 435:
XXIX.THE PERSIAN" GATES. DECEMBER,
Page 436 and 437: 402 AN AMBUSCADE.by direct assault.
Page 438 and 439: 404 A HAZARDOUS MANOEUVRE.guide was
Page 440 and 441: 406 SUCCESS OF MANCEUVRE.silence by
Page 442 and 443: 408 CAPTURE OF PERSEPOLIS.was cut t
Page 444 and 445: 410 ALEXANDERS INTEMPERANCE.destruc
Page 446 and 447: 412 MARDIAN CAMPAIGN.exhausting ; b
Page 448 and 449: XXX.DARIUS. MARCH TO JULY, B. C. 33
Page 450 and 451: 416 TOWARDS ECBATANA.There were bra
Page 452 and 453: 418 HEAVY CAVALRY DISCHARGED.of Kin
Page 454 and 455: 420 PURSUIT OF DARIUS.on the Persia
Page 456 and 457: 422 DARIUS IN CHAINS.camp. There oc
Page 458 and 459: 424 MURDER OF DARIUS.waterless wast
Page 460 and 461: 426 '* BRAVEST OF THE PERSIANS."rea
Page 462 and 463: 428 THE MACEDONIANS MURMUR.The army
Page 464 and 465: 430 DARIUS' OFFICERS.Alexander's ad
Page 466 and 467: 432 THE MARDIANS.Alexander had clea
Page 468 and 469: 434 ALEXANDER'S ABILITY.under condi
Page 470 and 471: 436 ORIENTAL DRESS.of the necessity
Page 472 and 473: 438 A FORCED MARCH.than now, and no
Page 474 and 475: 440 REVENGE ON BESS US DEFERRED.cit
Page 476 and 477: 442 DISAFFECTION.openness. Perhaps
Page 478 and 479: 444 PHILOTAS' CHARACTER.relieve the
Page 480 and 481: 446 PARMENIO'S DEATH.we aim at,"
Page 482 and 483: 448 DISCIPLINE IMPROVED.Perhaps no
Page 484 and 485: 450 ANOTHER ARIAN REVOLT.honor, and
Page 488 and 489: 454 WHAT THE ARMY WAS.Oriental recr
Page 490 and 491: 456 ALEXANDER'S LEISURE.The newly s
Page 492 and 493: 458 A TERRIBLE MARCH.supplies, main
Page 494 and 495: 460 MARACANDA.From Drapsaca, Alexan
Page 496 and 497: 462 BESSUS SURRENDERED.Before cross
Page 498 and 499: XXXIV.THE JAXARTES. SUMMER, B. C. 3
Page 500 and 501: 466 THE SCYTHIANS.every one to his
Page 502 and 503: 468 ALEXANDER'S DANGER.action. It i
Page 504 and 505: 470 CYROPOLIS.on every side, and ne
Page 506 and 507: 472 SOGDIANA IN ARMS.Dajins, the Sa
Page 508 and 509: 474 NOVEL USE OF ENGINES.Alexander
Page 510 and 511: 476 VICTORY OVER SCYTHIANS.regiment
Page 512 and 513: XXXV.SPITAMENES. SUMMER, B. C. 329,
Page 514 and 515: 480 MACEDONIAN DEFEAT.selves where
Page 516 and 517: 482 BESSUS EXECUTED.are said to hav
Page 518 and 519: 484 REINFORCEMENTS.osity of charact
Page 520 and 521: 486 ALEXANDER'S BOUNDARIES.he also
Page 522 and 523: 488 THE FIVE COLUMNS.none but isola
Page 524 and 525: 490 ANOTHER DEFEAT.to leave the for
Page 526 and 527: 492 DEATH OF SPITAMENES.down by pov
Page 528 and 529: 494 ALEXANDER'S ORIENTALISM.Macedon
Page 530 and 531: 496 PROSTRATION.fresh taunt, Alexan
Page 532 and 533: 498 HERMOLAUS.thenes. The army, as
Page 534 and 535: 600 THE SOGDIAN ROCK.Arrangements l
Page 536 and 537:
502 ROXANA.They provided themselves
Page 538 and 539:
504 ROCK OF CHORIENES.der, "among t
Page 540 and 541:
506 GOVERNMENT OF SOGDIANA.ued him
Page 542 and 543:
508 ALEXANDER'S OFFICERS.ual rays w
Page 544 and 545:
510 INDIA.got so near, he was bound
Page 546 and 547:
512 STARTING FOR INDIA.Egypt eaeli
Page 548 and 549:
514 TWO COLUMNS.following winter wa
Page 550 and 551:
516 THE FIRST PONTOONS.which were s
Page 552 and 553:
518 HOMERIC COMBAT.Two marches then
Page 554 and 555:
—\ : ,—•—, i. I'520 A SMART
Page 556 and 557:
522 MISTAKEN POLICY.the Gur£eus. T
Page 558 and 559:
524 A REPULSED ATTACK.entrance thi'
Page 560 and 561:
526 ORA AND BAZIRA.places. Alexande
Page 562 and 563:
XXXIX.AORNUS. LATE WINTER, B. C. 32
Page 564 and 565:
530 MARCH ON AORNUS.dred feet In he
Page 566 and 567:
532 ASCENT OF THE ROCK.and attack t
Page 568 and 569:
634 A MOUND.Wherever there was timb
Page 570 and 571:
636 DOWN THE INDUS.Alexander was no
Page 572 and 573:
538 CROSSING THE INDUS.the largest
Page 574 and 575:
640 MARCH AGAINST PORUS.man, and th
Page 576 and 577:
542 PORUS' ARMY.The hills on either
Page 578 and 579:
544 ALEXANDER'S FEINTS.gained much
Page 580 and 581:
646 PLACE OF CROSSING.the horses wo
Page 582 and 583:
548 ALEXANDER CROSSES.Between the m
Page 584 and 585:
650 FOR CIS DECEIVED.As the cavalry
Page 586 and 587:
552 THE ARMIES APPROACH.The Indian
Page 588 and 589:
654 PORUS' LINE OF BATTLE.lands, wh
Page 590 and 591:
556 ALEXANDER'S PLAN.the rapidity o
Page 592 and 593:
558 C(ENUS' RIDE.action must have b
Page 594 and 595:
5G0 A CURIOUS SITUATION.Alexander's
Page 596 and 597:
562 EXTRAORDINARY LOSSES.The battle
Page 598 and 599:
564 PORUS CAPTURED." When Porus, wh
Page 600 and 601:
XLII.THE FIVE RIVERS. MAY TO JULY,
Page 602 and 603:
568 REVOLT IN THE REAR.At tliistime
Page 604 and 605:
570 "COWARDLY PORUS:*here by the Th
Page 606 and 607:
572 A WAGON FORT.Turning back upon
Page 608 and 609:
574 A BLOCKADE.not tlie least sign
Page 610 and 611:
676 FRIENDLY KINGS.territory added
Page 612 and 613:
XLIII.TURNING BACK. JULY TO OCTOBER
Page 614 and 615:
580 THE KING GRASPS THE FACTS.Alexa
Page 616 and 617:
582 ANOTHER REASON.the feelings of
Page 618 and 619:
584 WAS ADVANCE REALLY INTENDED?It
Page 620 and 621:
586 FUTURE PLANS.wise concluded to
Page 622 and 623:
688 ALEXANDER'S FLEET.As a last act
Page 624 and 625:
590 HOW THE FLEET SAILED.dowii the
Page 626 and 627:
XLIV.THE MALLIANS. NOVEMBER, B, C.
Page 628 and 629:
594 THREE COOPERATING CORPS.terus h
Page 630 and 631:
596 AN ASTONISHING MARCH.was the la
Page 632 and 633:
698 AGALLASSA TAKEN.Cunniugham) unt
Page 634 and 635:
600 ALEXANDER HEADS AN ASSAULT.even
Page 636 and 637:
602 A RECKLESS MANCEUVRE.On perceiv
Page 638 and 639:
604 ALEXANDER IN JEOPARDY.joining l
Page 640 and 641:
606 "THE CITY OF THE MALLL"the Hydr
Page 642 and 643:
608 THE INDUS REACHED.had finished
Page 644 and 645:
610 CHARACTER OF LOWER INDUS.countr
Page 646 and 647:
612 SAMBUS AND THE BRAHMINS.killed.
Page 648 and 649:
614 THE ARMY DIVIDES.march was to b
Page 650 and 651:
616 EXPLORATION OF DELTA.nomads, bu
Page 652 and 653:
618 NEARCHUS' TASK.ander did, excep
Page 654 and 655:
620 A HUGE SKIRMISH LINE.scatter to
Page 656 and 657:
622 SEMIRAMIS AND CYRUS.lophanes, s
Page 658 and 659:
624 SELEUCUS NICATOR.a lieutenant o
Page 660 and 661:
626 FEARFUL LOSSES.of burden almost
Page 662 and 663:
628 PUNISHMENT OF SATRAPS.In Persis
Page 664 and 665:
630 PROJECTED EXPEDITIONS.able ; bu
Page 666 and 667:
632 GENERAL INTERMARRIAGES.This end
Page 668 and 669:
634 COMPLAINTS OF MACEDONIANS.organ
Page 670 and 671:
636 MARCH TO OPIS.continued in the
Page 672 and 673:
638 HIS ADDRESS.clad vagabonds, fee
Page 674 and 675:
G40SUBMISSION AND RECONCILIATION.po
Page 676 and 677:
642 ANTIPATER AND OLYMPIAS.who retu
Page 678 and 679:
644 DEATH OF HEPH^STION.for allowin
Page 680 and 681:
646 PROPHECIES OF DEATH.even by rep
Page 682 and 683:
648 ALEXANDER'S DEATH.might not be
Page 684 and 685:
650 ALEXANDER'S TABLE.by Aristotle,
Page 686 and 687:
652 ALEXANDER'S ATTACHMENTS.its tur
Page 688 and 689:
654 BELITTLING ALEXANDER.and manner
Page 690 and 691:
656 ALEXANDER'S HELLENISM.knew noth
Page 692 and 693:
658 ALEXANDER'S OPPONENTS.to forese
Page 694 and 695:
660 IS THE ART OF WAR IMPROVINGabov
Page 696 and 697:
662 THE FIRST GREAT CAPTAIN.beginni
Page 698 and 699:
664 THE DIADOCHI.Greece and Macedon
Page 700 and 701:
666 A SALVAGE OF HELLENISM.giance.
Page 702 and 703:
668 SIEGE OF RHODES.In strategic ma
Page 704 and 705:
670 EUMENES' STRATAGEM.for the prov
Page 706 and 707:
672 EUMENES' SECOND RUSE.severity o
Page 708 and 709:
674 MACHANJDAS.safest road on decam
Page 710 and 711:
676 DANGER OF DEFEAT.airy on the ri
Page 712 and 713:
678 MACEDON BROKEN UP.dom. To this
Page 714 and 715:
680 APPENDIX.APPENDIX B.LOSSES IN S
Page 716 and 717:
682 APPENDIX.Miles.ArbelatoOpis 180
Page 718 and 719:
IIIIIIII684 APPENDIX.APPENDIX D.GEN
Page 720 and 721:
jtowardsIPorus'j562I566jmarchicross
Page 722 and 723:
688 INDEX.Castes, military common,
Page 724 and 725:
690 INDEX.Jerusalem, 342.Jewish tro
Page 726 and 727:
692 INDEX.Seleocus, 168, 228, 549,
Page 731 and 732:
MILITARY BOOKS,Published byHOUGHTON
Page 733 and 734:
ALEXANDER F. STEVENSON.The Battle o
Page 738:
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