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(J) Presenting feed in trays:In some of the South American countries, shrimp are fed completely on feed trays and this seems to reduce feedwastage considerably. Though in Asia check trays are mainly used to test the feed consumption and health status ofshrimp, it appears that feeding trays could help in reducing the feed waste and reduce cost of production (Suresh,2006).(K) Probiotics and prebiotics:The fish gut microflora composition; occurrence, dominance etc appear to be totally different from human gutmicroflora. This is a newly emerging discipline to understand the gut micro flora and evolve suitable robotics andprebiotics that can be delivered through feed or application in the pond to maintain good heath of fish and shrimp andpromote healthy growth. While lack of regulation is making way for the entry of several spurious products, farmersultimately decide on the fate of these products sustainability.ConclusionFeed being the costly input, it is necessary to educate farmers on the way feed cost can be reduced without affectingthe yield. Empowering farmers with practical information and encouraging them to try various alternatives would helpin the new innovative ways of reducing the cost. The perception of farmers to use only high quality expensive feedversus developing their own feed may be through cooperative efforts with focus on cost factor would help in reducingfeed expenses. While tilapia are known to be effective utilizes of natural food available in the pond, it is possible togrow tilapia in ponds with farm made feeds. In the case of groupers and sea bass, several trials have shown thatinstead of using the trash fish, compounded wet and dry feeds can be used with equally effective results (Sim, et.al.,2005 ; Chang, et.al., 2008). The perception of the farmers need to be changed in regard to the absolute necessity oftrash fish use for the growth of these carnivore fish to the use of compounded feeds. In the case of semi-intensiveculture of shrimp in ponds, there is enormous opportunity to reduce feed cost and grow shrimp by taking advantageof the natural food available in the pond coupled with feed containing nutrients that will provide nutrients of what isnot available in the pond. If the farmers are able to understand the ecology of their ponds and be able to modify thetechnology to suit their ecosystem, there would be sustainability for the technology introduced.References:Chang, C.Y., Chiu, C.C. and John, J.A.C. 2008. Nutrition, immunology and health management of groupers. In:I.C.Liao and E.M.Leano (Eds) . The Aquaculture of Groupers. Asian Fisheries Society, World Aquaculture Society,the Fisheries Society of Taiwan and National Taiwan Ocean University. 241pp.De Silva, S.S.and T.A. Anderson. 1995. Fish nutrition in aquaculture. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.Fox, J and Treece, 2008. Shrimp Nutrition and Feed Management. In: Methods for improving shrimp farming inCentral America. 65-89 ppJunes, A.J.P. 2006. Aqua feeds in Brazil. Aqua Feeds: Formulation and Beyond, 3(3): 18-19Mishra, S.K. 2006 The effect of size of pellets on performance of shrimps. Aqua International, 14 : 18-19Moss, D.S. and Moss, S. M. 2006. Effects of gender and size on feed acquisition in the Pacific white shrimp,Litopeneaus vannamei. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society., 37 : 161-167.Mulsap, N. 2006. Aqua Feeds in Thailand. Formulation and Beyond, 3(3): 16-17Naylor, R.L., Goldberg, RJ., Primavera , J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J.,Mooney H. and Troell, M., 2000. Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 405 : 1017-1024.105
New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Csavas. (1993). Farmmade aquafeeds. Proceedings of the FAO/AADCP Regionalexpert consultation on farm-made aquafeeds. 14-13th, December, Bangkok, ThailandSim, S.Y., Rimmer , M.A., Toledo, J.D., Sugama, K., Rumengan, I., Williams , K.C., Philipps, M.J. 2005. Apractical guide to feeds and feed management for cultured groupers. NACA, Bangkok, Thailand. 18pp.Suresh, V. 2006. Shrimp feed cost reduction. Aqua Feeds : Formulation and Beyond, 3(1) : 15-17.Tacon, A.G.J. 1988. Standard methods for the Nutrition and Feeding or farmed fish and Shrimp. Argent laboratoriesPress, Redmond, Washington, USA.Feeding schedule for shrimpsDays of cultureAverage bodyweight (ABW)Feeding rate (%of ABW)Percent feed incheck traysCheckingfrequency in hrs15-30 1.0-3.00 10.0-8.0 2.0-2.5 3.0-2.531-60 3.0-10.00 8.0-8.50 2.5-2.7 2.5-2.061-90 10.0-20.00 5.0-3.7 2.7-3.0 2.0-1.591-120 20.0-33.00 3.7-4.0 3.5-4.0 1.5-1.0Source: Healthy Environment – Healthy shrimps, Aquaculture Foundation of India, Chennai, India106
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
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Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
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Maintaining genetic quality of fish
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Where F is the percent increase in
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o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
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Aquaculture extension and training
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ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
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view of outside world than before a
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Along with fish sample, the support
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Fungal examinationFungal infection
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few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126: Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128: 7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130: would help in sustaining shrimp sec
Page 131 and 132: Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134: Enhance women participation in aqua
Page 135 and 136: women in aquaculture and identify a
Page 137 and 138: major percentage of staff, the need
Page 139 and 140: having more self confidence through
Page 141 and 142: Overall status of men and women in
Page 143 and 144: Compliance to international standar
Page 145 and 146: (ii) to protect human or animal lif
Page 147 and 148: c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
Page 149 and 150: Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
Page 151 and 152: Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
Page 153: Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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