Training of Trainers - Library - Network of Aquaculture Centres in ...

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The evolution of local-level institutions that facilitate learning and planning and the availability of accessible locallanguage media are helping farmers to draw down the information and other support services they need and evenbeginning to provide a platform for policy debate and monitoring and evaluation from farmers’ perspectives.NACA established nine “‘One-Stop-Aqua-Shops” (OAS) in eastern India, one in Pakistan and one in Viet Nam toprovide local-level support. The OAS function under the guiding principle of a single-point, under-one-roofprovision of services, but are managed by different groups such as NGOs and federations of Self-Help Groups(SHGs), farmer groups and local community officials. The OAS provide a variety of services according to localdemand including information, training, fish fingerlings, and access to sources of micro-credit and loans necessaryto enter into farming. Previously farmers had struggled and engaged in considerable travel to gain access toresources such as quality fish seed and market information and had often been unaware of governmental, intergovernmentaland NGO support, and rural banking services.To support these facilities, in particular with the media required to fulfil their communications role, NACAresponded with the launch of OASIS (the “One-Stop Aqua Shop Information Service”). OASIS, like the OASconcept, intended to support changes to the way that information is made available to farmers and through theOAS network. The initiative:• Offered farmers aquaculture and improved service delivery orientated better-practice guidelines.• Enabled farmers to learn from each other’s experiences and share these with other primarystakeholders throughout the Asia-Pacific through publications made available in local languages atOASs.• Allowed farmers to find out who is who from a “contacts” database, including details of OASs, banks,departments of fisheries, NGOs, SHGs, insurance providers and input suppliers.• Enabled farmers to gain access to information and facilitated access to web resources such as theNACA Virtual Library.• Enable farmers to ask aquaculture-related questions and receive feedback via the NACA web-based“discussion forum”.• Offered awareness raising in aquaculture through documentaries; and offered exchange visits withsuccessful aquaculture operations within the local area.• OASIS aimed to make available information from farmers and fishers, service providers, newsagencies, the Internet, academia (including databases of research and outputs from specific researchprogrammes) and on-line communities of shared interest groups, as well as learning from othercountries.The OAS has become a focus of improved service provision in an age where previously unprecedented levels ofcommunication are possible and has changed the way that information is being made available. The OAS enablesservice providers to get “closer” to communities through the development of information and service focal points.Mass mediaRegular television and radio programmes are utilised by both governmental authorities and the private sector as amechanism to keep farmers informed of developments, emerging issues and improved practices. These rangefrom current affairs segments in broader agricultural programmes (as in Australia) to dedicated documentarysegments (as in Thailand) and talk-back programmes where farmers may “call in” (as in Cambodia). TheAgricultural Information and Communication Centre in Nepal records a highly popular radio show called “OldLady”, in which a voice actor asks questions about agricultural techniques in mock discussions with experts, andfarmers submit questions via post. Clearly such devices have enormous potential, although agriculturalprogrammes tend to be broadcast outside of peak hours.85
Printed publicationsPrinted publications are a mainstay of extension employed by virtually all governments as a (relatively) cheapmechanism for reaching large numbers of producers, although where cost-recovery policies are pursued, cost isstill often a significant issue both for the publisher and for the end user. As stand-alone products, the usefulness ofpublications is constrained by many factors, including the literacy and technical ability of the target stakeholders,and so they need to be prepared with due consideration of the needs of the target group, for whom they often playa supporting role in training courses and other ways of learning. Government organisations tend to communicatein an ‘official dialect’ that reflects their own internal bureaucracy and priorities, and which is not suitable forcommunication with their (external) stakeholders, who speak a different, more natural ‘language’.An issue that remains understated is that the accessibility of printed matter is often a significant issue for people inrural communities, just as distribution can be an issue for the publisher. Producing a publication is relativelysimple, but ensuring that it is widely available, accessible and affordable to the people that actually need it is farmore difficult. In many ways, the problems that rural communities face in accessing printed media are notdissimilar to those they face in accessing the web.Use of internet technologies for networking and service delivery“A powerful global conversation has begun. Through the Internet, people are discovering and inventing new waysto share relevant knowledge with blinding speed. As a direct result, markets are getting smarter—and gettingsmarter faster than most companies.” – The Cluetrain Manifesto.Any discussion of internet technologies for small scale farmers needs to acknowledge its limitations. Internetpenetration is low in rural areas and also in low-income earning groups. Internet penetration is extremely lowamong people who are both rural and poor. However, having said that:• The same is true of printed publications, training courses and most other ‘traditional’ approaches.• Internet penetration is growing rapidly and continues to accelerate, particularly amongst youngpeople.• Computer prices continue to fall, particularly for small mobile computing devices.• Mobile phones and satellite internet services are bringing broadband internet speeds even to theremotest of areas.• Within our lifetime it is likely that nearly all electronic devices will be networked into a single giantcommunication grid.The internet is not yet ‘mainstream’ for direct communication with most farmers in the region. However, someinitiatives such as the “Aquachopals” of India or the ‘One Stop Aqua Shops’ piloted by NACA have successfullyprovided facilitated access to the internet for farming communities.There are also indirect applications – the internet is often an important mechanism for communication amongstthose who work with farmers, such as extension agents and government officers. The ‘Nabuur: Global neighbour’initiative (www.nabuur.com) facilitates access of rural villages to technical specialists such in medicine,engineering, education and anything else the village requires, connecting villagers with expert volunteers all overthe world. Below we consider some of the emerging possibilities and some of the practical applications of theinternet that you can use today.86
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
Page 36 and 37: Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
Page 38 and 39: Maintaining genetic quality of fish
Page 40 and 41: Where F is the percent increase in
Page 42 and 43: o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85: As conventional approaches such as
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126: Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128: 7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130: would help in sustaining shrimp sec
Page 131 and 132: Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134: Enhance women participation in aqua
Page 135 and 136: women in aquaculture and identify a
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major percentage of staff, the need
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having more self confidence through
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Overall status of men and women in
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Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
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Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
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Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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