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The indirect positive impact of aquaculture on the preservation of coral reefs that are predicted to be negativelyimpacted upon by climate change is considered. In this regard aquaculture is expected to meet the growingdemand of the lucrative, live fish restaurant trade of high valued marine species such as groupers (e.g.,Epinephalus spp.) and in doing so it will reduce the intensity of the use of destructive fishing methods. The latterwill therefore, essentially remove a factor exacerbating coral reef destruction and contribute to conservingbiodiversity.Two of the most important aquaculture activities, primarily from an economic view point, are carnivorous finfish(e.g. salmonid) and shrimp culture, that generate export income to producing countries, and where the processingof these commodities provides a large number of livelihood options to communities that would otherwise will notbe available. However, these commodities, based on life cycle assessments, are energy wise very costly, andcontribute to net carbon emissions. The production of these commodities is market driven with the latter increasingin consequence to the increases in living standards and higher disposable incomes, both in the developed anddeveloping world. As an adaptive measure to curtail the contribution to carbon emissions from these relatively highpriced commodities it is suggested that the consumer is made aware of the degree of carbon emissions for theproducts, in the same vein as indicating traceability.All farming systems have an energy cost, and in one form or another will contribute to the emission of green housegases, and thereby contribute to climate change, albeit to different degrees. In this context it is shown that thegreat bulk aquaculture is less energy costly, and indeed contributes to carbon sequestration than most otherterrestrial farming systems. It is suggested that criticisms on aquaculture have been based on the consideration of,by and large, the farming of carnivorous finfish species and shrimp; two commodities that account for less than tenpercent of global aquaculture production. On the other hand, it is pointed out that the positive aspects ofaquaculture, particularly in relation to its impacts on climate change, perhaps the most burgeoning problem facingthe world, is neglected by many.73
Principles of developing, validating and adopting better management practicesin aquaculture - Shrimp case studyC.V. MohanNetwork of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Suraswadi Building,Department of Fisheries, Kasetsart University CampusBangkok 10900, ThailandAbstractThe demand for quality and responsibly produced and certified aquaculture products is predicted to increasesubstantially in coming years and the most feasible, economical and acceptable way to achieve these goals is forsmall scale farmers to adopt Better Management Practices, collectively as a cluster, in a given locality. BetterManagement Practices (BMPs) in the aquaculture context outline norms for responsible farming of aquaticanimals. In aquaculture, better management practices have been developed largely for shrimp and salmonaquaculture, although some efforts are presently being made to develop BMPs for other aquatic commodities.BMPs improve the quantity, safety and quality of products taking into consideration animal health and welfare,food safety, environmental and socio-economical sustainability. BMP’s are management practices, andimplementation is generally voluntary; they are not a standard for certification. However, implementation of BMPswill help to achieve compliance with standards set by international agencies, certification bodies and tradingpartners. It is expected that organization of farmers and the introduction of BMP approaches to their farmingactivities would be an important tool in enabling smaller-scale producers to enter certification systems. It is in thiscontext, development, validation and implementation of BMPs is very important to ensure sustainable andresponsible aquaculture.IntroductionThe importance of aquaculture to food security cannot be overstated. Aquaculture, therefore, has gainedsignificant momentum in several parts of the world. Asian aquaculture, even in respect of the commodities thatconstitute major export commodities, such as shrimp, Penaeus vannamei and P. monodon (China, India,Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam) and tra catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Vietnam), and the growingrohu, Labeo rohita, farming sector in Myanmar are essentially small-scale farming systems, clustered together in agiven locality. With increasing impacts of globalization small-scale aquaculture farmers need access to scientificknowledge, financial and technical services and market information in order to sustain their livelihoods andcompete in modern market chains.The WTO-SPS Agreement sets out the basic rules for food safety and animal and plant health standards. Thebasic aim of the SPS Agreement is to maintain the sovereign right of any government to provide the level of healthprotection it deems appropriate, but to ensure that these sovereign rights are not misused for protectionistpurposes and do not result in barriers to international trade. The demand for quality and responsibly produced andcertified aquaculture products is predicted to increase substantially in coming years and the most feasible,economical and acceptable way to achieve these goals is for small scale farmers to adopt Better ManagementPractices, collectively as a cluster, in a given locality.It is in this context that development, validation and implementation of commodity specific better managementpractices for small holder farmers of Asia-Pacific is timely and appropriate.74
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
Page 23: Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
Page 26 and 27: farmer innovation process. In this
Page 28 and 29: • Rapport building• Working str
Page 30 and 31: shrimp farming is undertaken in the
Page 32 and 33: Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
Page 34 and 35: • An increase in reliable product
Page 36 and 37: Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
Page 38 and 39: Maintaining genetic quality of fish
Page 40 and 41: Where F is the percent increase in
Page 42 and 43: o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
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Seed transportation and Stocking:
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7. Presently 100% of the society po
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would help in sustaining shrimp sec
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Stress brought about by the capture
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Enhance women participation in aqua
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women in aquaculture and identify a
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major percentage of staff, the need
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having more self confidence through
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Overall status of men and women in
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Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
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Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
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Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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