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adopt standards for responsible shrimp farming. The study revealed that lack of knowledge on standards,insufficient technical assistance program, assess to credit for investment, lack of information on market anddeclining market price of shrimp are the major issues to deal with to promote adoption of standards for responsibleshrimp farming among the small-scale shrimp farmers. Findings of the study will be shared in detail with theparticipants during the lecture.ConclusionThe current economic crisis continues to influence the world shrimp market. Generally, because of their relativelyhigh price, sales of shrimp products suffer because of loss of purchasing power. Since fundamental problem isassociated with the volatility of world shrimp prices, and therefore, knowledge of the price trends of world shrimpproducts is very important information for the sustainable shrimp industry. Such knowledge would be particularlyuseful in forming domestic shrimp policies. For example, the policy implications may be that the Government mayprovide minimum price guarantee to the vulnerable group of shrimp farmers, as long term plan the Governmentmay seek to increase shrimp farming areas with small-scale farmers to develop the export market as well as servethe social cause following the underlying principle of fair trade. Further to this coordinated action would berequired to launch market campaign in the importing countries to promote quality shrimp produced by small-scalefarmers under fair trade principle. A way forward may be collaboration between Thai producers and shrimpimporters, particularly developing direct contractual relationship between shrimp producer and importer throughthe famer organization would of great interest to safeguard the interest of the small-scale farmers. Further to thissetting up a system for market research on consumers’ tastes and preferences and timely dissemination of suchinformation could assist in an expansion of the overall size of the export market and its export shares in the nichemarkets.Though Thailand faces fierce competition from neighboring country it is anticipated the international market forshrimps will remain strong and that there is room for further growth in the industry. One exciting development isthe increased opportunity for interaction and cooperation on shrimp trade among major shrimp producing nations.Trade associations from the world’s four largest shrimp-producing nations namely, Thailand, Viet Nam, Indonesiaand China have signed a multilateral cooperation agreement in May 2009 to develop and maintain a healthyfarmed shrimp industry by encouraging socially and environmentally responsible shrimp-farming practices to rideout the economic downturn. It is expected that the alliance will also strengthen shrimp industries in these countiesin developing strategy to cope up with the challenges posed by the volatile international shrimp market.Further to this given the high competition and low price in the world market, redirection of support for shrimpculture development within the general agricultural settings will help both producers and domestic consumers inthe country. For instances, availability of programs focusing on intensive information dissemination and trainingschemes on the various standards and technology choices will have positive effects on the adoption rate ofstandard practices. It is suggested that if shrimp aquaculture has to be seen as a sector to enhance thesocioeconomic condition of the rural communities it would be required for the Government to regulate growth ofthe industry keeping pro-poor policy in mind. Overall, a well-coordinated capacity building program inclusive ofexport marketing and promotion with respect to import regulations, product development and market informationwill play an important key role in improving the production efficiency of small-scale shrimp farms and theircompetitiveness in international market.ReferencesBusch, L., Bain, C., 2004. New! Improved? The transformation of the global agrifood system. Rural Sociology, 69(3): 321–346.Deaton, B.J., 2004. A theoretical framework for examining the role of third-party certifiers. Food Control, 15 (8):615–619.67
Department of Fisheries (DOF), 2007. Fisheries statistics of Thailand-Year 2005 (No. 6/2007). Fishery InformationTechnology Center, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok, Thailand.Dierberg, F.F. Kiattisimkul, W., 1996. Issues, Impacts and Implications of Shrimp Aquaculture in Thailand.Environmental Management, 20: 649–666.Flaherty, M., Karnjanakesorn, C., 1995. Marine shrimp aquaculture and natural resource degradation in Thailand.Environmental Management, 19: 27–37.Gereffi, G., Johnson, R.G., Sasser, E., 2001. The NGO-industrial complex. Foreign Policy July/August, 2001, 56–65. (www.foreignpolicy.com).Gutierrez-Wing, M.T., Malone, R.F., 2006. Biological filters in aquaculture: trends and research directions forfreshwater and marine applications. Aqua. Eng., 34 (3): 163–171.Hatanaka, M., Bain, C., Busch, L., 2005. Third party certification in global agrifood system. Food Policy, 30 (3):354–369.Henson, S., Reardon, T., 2005. Private agri-food standards: Implications for food policy and the agri-food system.Food Policy, 30 (3): 241–253.Huitric, M., Folke C. and Kautsky N., 2002. Development and government policies of the shrimp farming industryin Thailand in relation to mangrove ecosystems. Ecological Economics, 40 (3): 441-455.Mutersbaugh, T., 2002. The number is the beast; a political economy of organic-coffee certification and producerunionism. Environment and Planning, 34 (7): 1165–1184.Naylor, R.L., Goldburg, R.J., Primavera, J.H., Kautsky, N., Beveridge, M.C.M., Clay, J., Folke, C., Lubchenco, J.,Mooney, H., Troell, M., 2000. Effect of aquaculture on world fish supplies. Nature, 405 (6790), 1017–1024.Neiland, A.E., Soley, N., Varley, J.B., Whitmarsh, D.J., 2001. Shrimp aquaculture: economic perspectives forpolicy development. Marine Policy 25, 265-279.Piedrahita, R.H., 2003. Reducing the potential environmental impact of tank aquaculture effluents throughintensification and recirculation. Aquaculture, 226: 35–44.Shang YC, Pingsun Leung, Bith-Hong Ling, 1998. Comparative economics of shrimp farming in Asia.Aquaculture;164:183–200.Subasinghe, R.P., 2005. Epidemiological approach to aquatic animal health management: opportunities andchallenges for developing countries to increase aquatic production through aquaculture. Prev. Vet. Med., 67(2–3): 117–124.Tanaka, K., Busch, L., 2003. Standardization as a means for globalizing a commodity, the case of rapeseed inChina. Rural Sociology, 68 (1): 25–45.Tanner, B., 2000. Independent assessment by third-party certification bodies. Food Control, 11 (5) ; 415–417.68
Page 1 and 2:
Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
Page 5 and 6:
knowledge about the activities carr
Page 7 and 8:
iosphere, in that it is essentially
Page 10 and 11:
Importance in narrowing the supply
Page 12 and 13:
Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
Page 14:
aquaculture has been a success thus
Page 17 and 18: pathogen transfer is generally cons
Page 19 and 20: • It highlights the importance a
Page 21 and 22: particular animal are identified, t
Page 23: Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
Page 26 and 27: farmer innovation process. In this
Page 28 and 29: • Rapport building• Working str
Page 30 and 31: shrimp farming is undertaken in the
Page 32 and 33: Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
Page 34 and 35: • An increase in reliable product
Page 36 and 37: Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
Page 38 and 39: Maintaining genetic quality of fish
Page 40 and 41: Where F is the percent increase in
Page 42 and 43: o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120:
Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122:
NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
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1. Drain the pond water completely
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Seed transportation and Stocking:
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7. Presently 100% of the society po
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would help in sustaining shrimp sec
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Stress brought about by the capture
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Enhance women participation in aqua
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women in aquaculture and identify a
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major percentage of staff, the need
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having more self confidence through
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Overall status of men and women in
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Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
Page 149 and 150:
Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
Page 151 and 152:
Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
Page 153:
Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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