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a very few producers. A second way, better management practices can be used is to define a few, often different,practices that increase efficiency and productivity and/or reduce or mitigate negative impacts. Finally, betterpractices are often required by government or others to encourage a minimally acceptable level of performance(and eliminate bad practices) with regard to a specific activity. In this sense, the term is used in opposition tounacceptable practices.Past experiences show that a number of individual better practices relating to different activities on farm and ofvarying by intensity, scale and species have been identified. These practices were then analysed both tounderstand how they were developed (e.g. what problem did they solve and what result did they achieve), howthey work, and what it would take for them to be adopted by other producers. In the process of undertaking thesestudies, it has become clear that better practices today still fall short both of what is needed and what appears tobe possible. In all likelihood, today's better practices will be tomorrow's norm. The challenge is to encourage theirfurther adoption while at the same time pushing even further to find better practices still.In short, the goal must be to constantly seek out better practices, not just because they reduce negative impacts,but also because they are more efficient and more profitable. The goal is to improve the norm rather than to simplyestablish a bar and declare everything above it to be best or good practice and everything below to be bad orunacceptable. From the shrimp Consortium's work (this work was awarded the Green Award by the World Bank in2007), we know that we may not have any 'best' practices at this time. We have, however, identified a number ofbetter practices, and these practices are far better than the worse ones. Their impact on resource use efficiencycan be manifolds better than worse practices. Their impact on productivity, and more importantly on profitability,can be similarly striking when compared to worse practices.b) Are BMPs needed for tra catfish farming?Uniqueness of the catfish farming in the Mekong DeltaTra catfish farming occupies a rather unique status in global aquaculture. The uniqueness of this farming systemcould be summarised as follows:• It is a farming system that is capable producing, on average, 300 to 400 tonnes /ha /crop; the highestrecorded for any primary production sector in the world.• It is a farming system that essentially occupies approximately 5,400 ha of land but produces for exampleas much as 65 percent of the total aquaculture production in Europe.• It is essentially a pond farming system that is conducted in ponds of 4 to 4.5 m depth, with regular waterexchange from the Mekong River and/or its tributaries.• It provides many livelihood opportunities to poor rural communities, particularly women, significantlybypassing that seen elsewhere in aquaculture.• The farming system is blessed with an adequate water supply through the year, but the farming system isobligatory to ensure that the water source is not overly nutrient loaded bringing about negative impacts onall users of this common, valuable resource.• It is a farming system that for all intents and purposes is horizontally integrated, with specialised hatcheryproduction, fry to fingerling/ nursery rearing and grow-out phases93
• It is a farming system the produce of which is almost totally destined for export, being an acceptablesubstitute for “white fish’, particularly for the Western palate/ taste, thereby catering to a “niche” market.The need for BMPs for tra catfish farmingThis unique farming system has had its share of problems, particularly in respect of diseases and marketing, atvarious levels. Marketing problems are likely to intensify in the foreseeable future, and most of all the produce willhave to meet the increasingly stringent food quality and production standards, resulting indirectly fromglobalisation and increasing demands of consumers. It is also noted that the tra catfish producers, especially smallscale farmers at this juncture do not have the negotiating power to influence the market chain. Fish price are oftendetermined by the buyers and are unpredictable. It is in the above context that tra catfish farming needs todevelop and adopt, rather quickly, BMPs, which will ensure adoption of acceptable farming practices andmost of all achieving the globally desired food quality standards, as had been achieved elsewhere. Forexample, the adoption of BMPs for shrimp farming in India, through a cluster based approach, has enabled thesector to attract new markets, and gain premium farm gate prices.Adoption of BMPs, derived from science-based studies and agreed upon by all stakeholders, is a most logical wayto meet the above challenges, and ensure long term sustainability of the sector and environmental integrity, thelatter being almost consequential to the adoption of BMPs. Furthermore, experience elsewhere demonstratesthat adoption of BMPs through farmer associations and aqua-clubs and or an equivalent organisationalstructure, is much more effective and enables better bargaining power to the group, in respect ofpurchases (e.g. feeds), marketing (e.g. negotiations with processors or importers), bringing about betterenvironmental integrity and rational use of water resources, and most of all provides one voice to thegroup; we are all aware collective action is a much more powerful tool and enables access to government andpolicy makers also in much more effective and a coherent manner.The sector, particularly the small-scale farmers, those that own, operate and manage their farms areoperating under much financial stress; the profit margins have decreased and in most instances, with fluctuatingfarm gate prices, but where the prices of inputs, such as feeds, have increased markedly, barely can make theends meet. The current breakeven farm gate price of 16,500 to 17,000 VND (approximately 1US$) is often notobtainable, making the practices unprofitable and difficult to continue. The adoption of BMPs, which will enablecost reductions to be achieved, associated with farmer organisations is most likely to provide a gate way tomaking the practices economically and environmentally viable and sustainable.c) The process(es) adopted in the development of draft BMPs for tra catfish farmingRealising the need to ensure that the tra catfish farming sector in the Delta, a unique system as it is, NACAtogether with Fisheries Victoria, and in conjunction with key national counterparts, RIA 2, Ho Chi Minh City andCollege of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, proceeded to seek the required funding under theAusAID Funded program, “Collaboration for Agricultural Research and Development” (CARD), and monitored bythe Ministry for Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) of the Government of Vietnam.On availability of funds the following activities were undertaken between Feb 2008 until now:• Planning meetings (HCMC and Can Tho) and technical workshop, Can Tho University(CTU), 3-4 Dec. &8-11 Dec., 2008;• Participation in ‘Catfish Aquaculture in Asia’ international symposium, CTU, 5-7 Dec., 2008;• Design and test a questionnaire to understand the details of the existing farming systems;94
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
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Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
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Maintaining genetic quality of fish
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Where F is the percent increase in
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o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93: ought about increased profits among
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126: Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128: 7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130: would help in sustaining shrimp sec
Page 131 and 132: Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134: Enhance women participation in aqua
Page 135 and 136: women in aquaculture and identify a
Page 137 and 138: major percentage of staff, the need
Page 139 and 140: having more self confidence through
Page 141 and 142: Overall status of men and women in
Page 143 and 144: Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
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Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
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Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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