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Feeds and feeding strategy in aquacultureM.C. NandeeshaCentre for Aquaculture Research and DevelopmentSt. Xavier's Bishramganj, Bishramganj, Tripura, IndiaAbstractFeeds constitute the single largest input cost in the semi-intensive and intensive systems. Hence, feeds andFeeding strategies have been the prime focus to bring down the input cost and increase the profitability of farmers.Shrimps and the carnivorous fish culture industries have contributed in many ways for the development of fishfeed sector because of the price they command in the export market. Several of the commercially importantshrimps and fishes nutritional requirements have been studied under the controlled conditions and feedformulations are now available to get the best possible levels of production, particularly in the case of shrimps.Considerable progress also has been made to develop feeds for several of the carnivorous fishes. However, manyof these available commercial feeds being fish meal based, with the declining fish meal and fish oil production andexpanding aquaculture activity, search for other alternatives has been given the prime focus. Some progress hasbeen achieved in developing all plant ingredient based feed for Pacific white shrimp. It is important to note thatmost farmers have been opting for high protein feeds, ignoring the fact that in tropical Asia, much of the naturalfood produced in the system provides considerable amount of nutrition and hence fortification of feeds with highamount of protein, vitamins and minerals may not be necessary. Feeds for groupers, sea bass have now becomeavailable and they can be used for growing these fishes in place of trash fish. In addition, simple on farm feedformulations are also available that can be used to formulate wet feeds using trash fish as the base. For growingtilapia, besides the readily available commercial feeds in the market, several feed formulations have beendeveloped and they can be used to formulate feeds on farm using the feed ingredients available. Feedingstrategies are considered to be very important to reduce the feed input cost. A number of such strategies rangingfrom the use of mixed feeding schedules to the latest approach of manipulating the pond environment bymaintaining C:N ratio to produce bioflocs enriched with heterotrophic bacteria can be used to reduce feed inputcost. As all the target species under the ASEAN project are commercially important and feed constitute the largestinput cost, it is important to explore various options available to reduce production costs.IntroductionWith almost 70% of the global farming families living in Asia but with only about 25% of the arable land, intensificationof the food production systems is essential to meet the growing needs of the population. Though bulk of thenutritional needs of the Asian population is met from the terrestrial origin of food, fish supplies about 20% of theanimal protein requirement of the developing world. Until recently, fish needs of the population have been metlargely from the capture fisheries production. However, with the stagnation in capture fisheries production,aquaculture has been supplementing the fish requirement of the population. Aquaculture is one of the rapidlygrowing farming sectors in the world. More than 90% of the global aquaculture production is contributed by Asiaand over 70% of this production comes from the semi intensive aquaculture systems. Bulk of this aquacultureproduction is contributed by cyprinids and tilapia groups in the fresh water sector. Among the cyprinids silver carp,grass carp, common carp and big head carp contribute substantially for the global finfish production. Aquaculture israpidly growing in China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Republic of Korea, Vietnam, Nepal, Cambodia andLaos PDR among the Asian countries. Though in Africa, aquaculture contribution at present is smaller, it isanticipated that with the improvement in aquaculture technologies, aquaculture might find a new place in several ofthe African countries. Since production from capture fisheries is almost stagnated, aquaculture sector has to97
contribute substantially to maintain this balance. In semi intensive and intensive aquaculture systems, feed is thesingle largest input cost, ranging even up to 80% depending on the quantity and quality of the feed used. Hence, theknowledge of fish nutrition is essential to manage the system effectively and reduce the feed input cost and alsoenhance production.Aquaculture systems;Based on the intensity of cultural techniques adopted, aquaculture systems are classified in to extensive, semiintensiveand intensive systems. In extensive system, excepting stocking, no other management practices areadopted and growth of fish depends on the natural food available in the pond. In the semi-intensive system, inaddition to fertilization to enhance the natural food productivity, supplementary feed is provided to hasten the growthof fish. In intensive aquaculture systems, apart from these management practices, high stocking density of fish,continuous aeration, frequent exchange of water, etc., are resorted to obtain maximum production in limited spaceand time,Feeding habits of fishes:Broadly there are three groups of fishes; herbivores, omnivores and carnivores are recognized. Fishes belonging toherbivore group feed directly on plants, which is the primary source of food energy. These are considered to be themost efficient groups, since there is no loss of energy. Plants use sunlight to convert water, carbon dioxide, air andnutrients dissolved in the water in to organic matter. Phytoplanktons as well as macrophytes are the types of foodresources used by the herbivore group of fishes. The second group of fishes are carnivores: fish and shrimp whichfeed on other smaller animals, insects, frogs, molluscs, fishes and crustaceans, zooplankton are classified ascarnivores fish. They require more protein to eliminate nitrogen from the body. In general terms, carnivores arethose which predate upon other fishes and derive energy required for survival. The third group is omnivores and thefishes belonging to this group feed on plant, animal, detritus etc., without specific preference to any of thesegroups. They are less efficient converters of plant energy than herbivores.Elements contributing to fish / shrimp nutrition:Like in terrestrial farm animals, farmed fish require over nearly 40 different dietary elements for the good growth.All the farmed fish / shrimp require qualitatively all the five major nutrient groups: protein, lipid, carbohydrates,minerals and vitamins. However, the quantitative requirement of these five nutrient groups varies depending on theculture system and age of the fish. In order to gain better understanding on the nutritional studies, it is important toknow the role of each of these nutrient groups (De Silva and Anderson, 1995 ; Tacon 1988)Protein:Proteins are the building blocks of the body and they play an important role in both plants and animals. Proteins aremade up of amino acids and fishes and shrimps have the capacity to synthesize some of the amino acids,However, ten amino acids are not synthesized and these are - Arginine, Histidine, Isoleuicine , Leucine,Metheoinine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan and Valine and they should be supplied through feed.Aminoacids composition of fish varies from species to species and the diets developed based on these aminoacids composition of the muscle are known to provide better growth. Deficiency of these amino acids results indecreased growth. Optimum dietary protein is that which produces maximum growth. Carnivorous fish requirehigher protein as compared to herbivore fishes. Inclusion of non-essential amino acids is also important in the dietfrom the viewpoint of maintaining the palpability of the diet.Lipids:98
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
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Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
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Maintaining genetic quality of fish
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Where F is the percent increase in
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o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
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Aquaculture extension and training
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ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126: Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128: 7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130: would help in sustaining shrimp sec
Page 131 and 132: Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134: Enhance women participation in aqua
Page 135 and 136: women in aquaculture and identify a
Page 137 and 138: major percentage of staff, the need
Page 139 and 140: having more self confidence through
Page 141 and 142: Overall status of men and women in
Page 143 and 144: Compliance to international standar
Page 145 and 146: (ii) to protect human or animal lif
Page 147 and 148: c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
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Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
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Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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