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• -oxidase test positive• -resistance to vibriostat 0/129Health management is the best method for controlling this disease. There are varieties of antibiotic that can beuse as a chemotherapeutic treatment.StreptococcosisThe causative agent of this disease is Streptococcus sp, which is gram positive bacteria, coccus shape and nonmotile.There are several other closely related groups of bacteria that can cause similar disease, includingLactococcus, Enterococcus and Vagococcus. Many species of fish have been found susceptible to infection suchas eel, trout, tilapia, sturgeon and many species of ornamental fish.High water temperature, high stocking density, harvesting or handling, poor water qualities are some stressorsthat have been associated with this disease out break. Infected fish show abnormal swimming behavior (spinning),loss of buoyancy control, lethargy, darkening, one or bilateral exophthalmia, corneal opacity, hemorrhage in oraround eyes, opercula plate, base of fins vent etc., ascites. In some cases, fish may show no obvious sign beforedeath.Confirmation of the disease by isolation of bacteria from kidney and brain follow by identification. There arevarieties of antibiotic that can be use as a chemotherapeutic treatment.VibriosisThe most common bacterial disease in marine fishes, that frequently act as opportunistic pathogens causingdisease in fish which are under stress problem in seabass and grouper. The causative agents of this disease areVibrio spp., V. parahaemolyticus, V. Alginolyticus, and V. Cholerae.Some infected fish get acute infection and death without clinical sign. The typical clinical signs are darkening ofbody coloration, loss of appetite, hemorrhagic septicaemia, ulcerative lesion on the skin and exophthalmia.Vibrios are Gram negative, straight or slightly curved rods, motile, facultative anaerobic, oxidase and catalasepositive, sensitive to vibriostat 0/129. They can grow on general purpose media with 2 percent NaCl, and ThiosulfateCitrate Bile Salts Sugar Agar (TCBS) is a selective media.Possible control methods are maintenance of high water quality and good husbandry. There are varieties ofantibiotic that can be use as a chemotherapeutic treatment.Viral DiseasesThere are many viral pathogens that cause severe diseases in fish, such as lymphocystis, viral nervous necrosis(VNN), spring viraemia virus and koi herpes virusViral nervous necrosis (VNN) or viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER) diseaseViral nervous necrosis disease affecting larvae and juveniles of many farmed marine fish in Asia and Australia.There were reported in Australia, China, Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. VNNvirus infected more than 30 marine fish species, especially at the larval and juvenile stages, and the infection59
usually results in high mortality. Mass mortality were reported in larval sea bass Lates calcarifer in a hatcheryassociated with clinical signs such as abnormal swimming behavior, pale-gray discoloration of the bodyHistological investigations in moribund fish revealed marked vacuolation in the retina and brain. Cytopathic effects(CPE) were observed in SSN-1 cells inoculated with the tissue filtrate of affected sea bassControl methods are disinfection of fertilized eggs by ozonized water. Disinfection of water, feeds, ponds, facilitiesand tools. Take off feces and dead fish from the ponds frequent.Koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD)Causative agent of this disease is pathogen type: DNA herpes-like virus in the family Herpesviridae name: Koiherpesvirus (KHV) (170 – 230 nm). Common carp, Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) is the specific host for this virus.KHV first reported in Israel and USA in 1998 and after that it was pandemic to many countries world wild.Clinical signs of this disease are hemorrhagic lesion on skin and focal rotten gills with excess mucus excretion.Infected fish will gather at the water inlet.Diagnosis techniques are virus isolation and confirmed by PCR of the viral isolates. Even without isolation of thevirus PCR can be used to detect the DNA of virus in fresh, infected tissues.Fungal diseaseEpizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS)The case definition of EUS is “a seasonal epizootic condition of freshwater and estuarine warm water fish ofcomplex infectious etiology characterized by the presence of invasive Aphanomyces infection and necrotizingulcerative lesions typically leading to a granulomatous response” (ODA, 1994). The synonyms of this disease areEUS-related Aphanomyces (ERA) Philippines, Red Spot Disease (RSD): Australia, Mycotic Granulomatosis (MG):Japan, Ulcerative Mycosis (UM): East Coast USA.The causative agent of this disease is a fungus name Aphanomyces invadans. The clinical signs of disease arenormally start with mass mortality of wild and cultured fish in a new location. Infected fish show small red areas orulcers on the body, deep hemorrhagic ulcers with fungal mycelium on surface, skull erosion, loss of eyes and partof the brain.This disease can be confirmed by the isolation of Aphanomyces invadans fungus and the specific mycoticgranulomas found in the histological sections of various tissues of infected fish with some special stains; Grocott’s,Periodic Acid Schiff’s (PAS) or UV Tech.Prevention and controlKeep eyes on the health of the wild fish during the cool season. If the EUS spread to the fish pond, stop waterexchange, remove the moribund and death fish. Improve water quality using agriculture lime or hydrate lime. Saltcan be applied to minimize the toxic of H 2 SRecommendationAn accurate disease diagnosis is necessary for diseases in finfish management, prevention and treatment.www.oie.int and www.enaca.org are good sources of aquatic animal disease diagnosis techniques.60
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
Page 5 and 6:
knowledge about the activities carr
Page 7 and 8:
iosphere, in that it is essentially
Page 10 and 11: Importance in narrowing the supply
Page 12 and 13: Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
Page 14: aquaculture has been a success thus
Page 17 and 18: pathogen transfer is generally cons
Page 19 and 20: • It highlights the importance a
Page 21 and 22: particular animal are identified, t
Page 23: Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
Page 26 and 27: farmer innovation process. In this
Page 28 and 29: • Rapport building• Working str
Page 30 and 31: shrimp farming is undertaken in the
Page 32 and 33: Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
Page 34 and 35: • An increase in reliable product
Page 36 and 37: Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
Page 38 and 39: Maintaining genetic quality of fish
Page 40 and 41: Where F is the percent increase in
Page 42 and 43: o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112:
c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114:
implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116:
With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118:
According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120:
Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122:
NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
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1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126:
Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128:
7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130:
would help in sustaining shrimp sec
Page 131 and 132:
Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134:
Enhance women participation in aqua
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women in aquaculture and identify a
Page 137 and 138:
major percentage of staff, the need
Page 139 and 140:
having more self confidence through
Page 141 and 142:
Overall status of men and women in
Page 143 and 144:
Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
Page 149 and 150:
Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
Page 151 and 152:
Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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