Nandeesha, M.C. 2004. Women <strong>in</strong> aquaculture and their <strong>in</strong>novative contributions. <strong>Aquaculture</strong> Asia IX (1): 18-25.Nandeesha, M.C., Heng, N and K. Yun. 1994. Role <strong>of</strong> women <strong>in</strong> small scale aquaculture development <strong>in</strong>Southeastern Cambodia. NAGA, 17(4): 7-9.Nandeesha, M. C and H. Hanglomong. 1997. Help me to help myself. Proceed<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>of</strong> the sem<strong>in</strong>ar on Women <strong>in</strong>Fisheries <strong>in</strong> Indo-Ch<strong>in</strong>a countries, Bati Fisheries Station, PADEK, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 167p.Shelly, A.B. & D’Costa, M.. Women <strong>in</strong> aquaculture: <strong>in</strong>itiatives <strong>of</strong> Caritas Bangladesh. pp. 77-87.Shelly, A.B., Nandeesha, M.C and A.K.M Reshad Alam. 2001. Involvement <strong>of</strong> women <strong>in</strong> small scale aquaculture.In: IIRR, IDRC, FAO, NACA and ICLARM, 2001. Utiliz<strong>in</strong>g different aquatic resources for livelihoods <strong>in</strong> Asia: AResource book. IIRR, IDRC, FAO, NACA and ICLARM. 416p.Vimala, D.D., Sarada, Ch., Mahalakshmi, P., Krishnan, M. & Kumaran, M. 2004. Women <strong>in</strong> coastal aquaculture:performance, potential and perspectives. <strong>Aquaculture</strong> Asia IX (3): 25-28.Zhiwen, S. 1999. Rural aquaculture <strong>in</strong> Ch<strong>in</strong>a. RAPA Publication 1999/22. FAO, Bangkok, Thailand.Williams, S.B., Hochet-Kibongui, A-M. & Nauen, C.E.(eds). 2005. Gender, fisheries and aquaculture: socialcapital and knowledge for the transition towards susta<strong>in</strong>able use <strong>of</strong> aquatic ecosystems. Brussels, ACP-EU Fish.Res. Rep. (16): 28 pp.Williams , M.J. Chao, N.H., Choo, P.S, Matics, K.I, Nandeesha , M.C., Shariff, M, Siason , I , Tech, E andJ.M.C.Wong. 2002. Global symposium on Women <strong>in</strong> Fisheries: Sixth Asa<strong>in</strong> Fisheries Forum, 29 th November, 21,Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Worldfish Center Penang, Malaysia. 209p.Williams, M.J., Nandeesha, M.C, Corral, V.P, E.Tech and P.S.Choo. 2001. International Symposium on Women <strong>in</strong>Asian Fisheries, Fifth Asian Fisheries Forum, 13 th November, 1998, Chiangmai Thailand. Worldfish Centre,Penang, Malaysia. 181p.141
Compliance to <strong>in</strong>ternational standards and agreements <strong>in</strong> relation to transboundarypathogens and food safetyC.V. Mohan<strong>Network</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Aquaculture</strong> <strong>Centres</strong> <strong>in</strong> Asia-Pacific, Suraswadi Build<strong>in</strong>g,Department <strong>of</strong> Fisheries, Kasetsart University CampusBangkok 10900, ThailandAbstractLive aquatic animals are moved actively to support subsistence and commercial aquaculture <strong>in</strong> Asia. Live aquaticanimals though appear<strong>in</strong>g healthy, <strong>of</strong>ten carry serious pathogens. The movement <strong>of</strong> live aquatic animals carriesan <strong>in</strong>herent risk <strong>of</strong> mov<strong>in</strong>g aquatic animal pathogens conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> those commodities. International trade is <strong>of</strong>particular concern because <strong>of</strong> the large volumes <strong>of</strong> live animals and products moved. Various global <strong>in</strong>struments,codes <strong>of</strong> practice and guidel<strong>in</strong>es (either voluntary or obligatory) exist that provide certa<strong>in</strong> levels <strong>of</strong> protection, allaimed at m<strong>in</strong>imiz<strong>in</strong>g the risks due to pathogens/diseases associated with aquatic animal movement. Internationalstandards and guidel<strong>in</strong>es describe both preventative (for example, certification and import risk analysis) andreactive (for example, cont<strong>in</strong>gency plans) measures to m<strong>in</strong>imize the impact <strong>of</strong> trans-boundary diseases. TheWTO-SPS agreement and the standards developed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) areimportant.The issue <strong>of</strong> food safety and quality is <strong>of</strong> concern to all consumers <strong>in</strong> both produc<strong>in</strong>g and import<strong>in</strong>g countries.Potential risks to human health and food safety from aquaculture products can come from various reasons. Foodborneparasitic <strong>in</strong>fections, food-borne diseases associated with pathogenic bacteria and viruses, residues <strong>of</strong> agrochemicals,veter<strong>in</strong>ary drugs and heavy-metal organic or <strong>in</strong>organic contam<strong>in</strong>ation have been identified as possiblehazards <strong>in</strong> aquaculture products. Internationally adopted food standards, guidel<strong>in</strong>es, codes <strong>of</strong> practice and otherrecommendations are set by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.Compliance to WTO-SPS agreement and their associated standards will help to m<strong>in</strong>imize the risk <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>ternationalspread <strong>of</strong> trans-boundary pathogens and ensure food safety <strong>of</strong> fish and fishery products.Trans-boundary PathogensAquatic animals have been moved around the world for various reasons. There are many examples <strong>of</strong> positivesocio-economic benefits from <strong>in</strong>troductions <strong>of</strong> aquatic species, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g improved livelihoods, <strong>in</strong>creasedproduction and trade. However, there are equally examples where serious negative impacts have resulted. Where<strong>in</strong>troductions are necessary, they have to be conducted <strong>in</strong> a responsible way us<strong>in</strong>g appropriate risk assessmentand management measures. Trans-boundary aquatic animal diseases are a major risk and an important constra<strong>in</strong>tto the growth <strong>of</strong> aquaculture. Aquatic alien species could either be pathogens, which may cause trans-boundaryaquatic animal diseases, or could harbour aquatic animal pathogens that lead to diseases and epizootics <strong>in</strong>aquaculture follow<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>of</strong> alien species. Aquatic animal pathogens, are trans-boundary problems withpotential to impact on <strong>in</strong>ternational trade, aquaculture and fisheries and the people whose livelihoods depend onaquatic resources.Live aquatic animals are moved actively to support subsistence and commercial aquaculture <strong>in</strong> Asia. Live aquaticanimals though appear<strong>in</strong>g healthy, <strong>of</strong>ten carry serious pathogens. Examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduction <strong>of</strong> pathogens to new142
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
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Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
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Maintaining genetic quality of fish
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Where F is the percent increase in
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o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
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Aquaculture extension and training
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ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
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view of outside world than before a
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Along with fish sample, the support
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Fungal examinationFungal infection
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few different pathogen strains. The
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Major finfish diseases in Asia and
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A great number and diversity of ani
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• -oxidase test positive• -resi
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ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
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Accessing better markets-improving
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Owing to its importance in generati
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adopt standards for responsible shr
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Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
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of the temperature rise that were d
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Principles of developing, validatin
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such as determinants, exposures and
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How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
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economic sustainability. BMPs need
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Once you understand your stakeholde
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As conventional approaches such as
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Printed publicationsPrinted publica
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Set up a blog or website for your w
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