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Nandeesha, M.C. 2004. Women in aquaculture and their innovative contributions. Aquaculture Asia IX (1): 18-25.Nandeesha, M.C., Heng, N and K. Yun. 1994. Role of women in small scale aquaculture development inSoutheastern Cambodia. NAGA, 17(4): 7-9.Nandeesha, M. C and H. Hanglomong. 1997. Help me to help myself. Proceedings of the seminar on Women inFisheries in Indo-China countries, Bati Fisheries Station, PADEK, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 167p.Shelly, A.B. & D’Costa, M.. Women in aquaculture: initiatives of Caritas Bangladesh. pp. 77-87.Shelly, A.B., Nandeesha, M.C and A.K.M Reshad Alam. 2001. Involvement of women in small scale aquaculture.In: IIRR, IDRC, FAO, NACA and ICLARM, 2001. Utilizing different aquatic resources for livelihoods in Asia: AResource book. IIRR, IDRC, FAO, NACA and ICLARM. 416p.Vimala, D.D., Sarada, Ch., Mahalakshmi, P., Krishnan, M. & Kumaran, M. 2004. Women in coastal aquaculture:performance, potential and perspectives. Aquaculture Asia IX (3): 25-28.Zhiwen, S. 1999. Rural aquaculture in China. RAPA Publication 1999/22. FAO, Bangkok, Thailand.Williams, S.B., Hochet-Kibongui, A-M. & Nauen, C.E.(eds). 2005. Gender, fisheries and aquaculture: socialcapital and knowledge for the transition towards sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems. Brussels, ACP-EU Fish.Res. Rep. (16): 28 pp.Williams , M.J. Chao, N.H., Choo, P.S, Matics, K.I, Nandeesha , M.C., Shariff, M, Siason , I , Tech, E andJ.M.C.Wong. 2002. Global symposium on Women in Fisheries: Sixth Asain Fisheries Forum, 29 th November, 21,Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Worldfish Center Penang, Malaysia. 209p.Williams, M.J., Nandeesha, M.C, Corral, V.P, E.Tech and P.S.Choo. 2001. International Symposium on Women inAsian Fisheries, Fifth Asian Fisheries Forum, 13 th November, 1998, Chiangmai Thailand. Worldfish Centre,Penang, Malaysia. 181p.141
Compliance to international standards and agreements in relation to transboundarypathogens and food safetyC.V. MohanNetwork of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific, Suraswadi Building,Department of Fisheries, Kasetsart University CampusBangkok 10900, ThailandAbstractLive aquatic animals are moved actively to support subsistence and commercial aquaculture in Asia. Live aquaticanimals though appearing healthy, often carry serious pathogens. The movement of live aquatic animals carriesan inherent risk of moving aquatic animal pathogens contained in those commodities. International trade is ofparticular concern because of the large volumes of live animals and products moved. Various global instruments,codes of practice and guidelines (either voluntary or obligatory) exist that provide certain levels of protection, allaimed at minimizing the risks due to pathogens/diseases associated with aquatic animal movement. Internationalstandards and guidelines describe both preventative (for example, certification and import risk analysis) andreactive (for example, contingency plans) measures to minimize the impact of trans-boundary diseases. TheWTO-SPS agreement and the standards developed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) areimportant.The issue of food safety and quality is of concern to all consumers in both producing and importing countries.Potential risks to human health and food safety from aquaculture products can come from various reasons. Foodborneparasitic infections, food-borne diseases associated with pathogenic bacteria and viruses, residues of agrochemicals,veterinary drugs and heavy-metal organic or inorganic contamination have been identified as possiblehazards in aquaculture products. Internationally adopted food standards, guidelines, codes of practice and otherrecommendations are set by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.Compliance to WTO-SPS agreement and their associated standards will help to minimize the risk of internationalspread of trans-boundary pathogens and ensure food safety of fish and fishery products.Trans-boundary PathogensAquatic animals have been moved around the world for various reasons. There are many examples of positivesocio-economic benefits from introductions of aquatic species, including improved livelihoods, increasedproduction and trade. However, there are equally examples where serious negative impacts have resulted. Whereintroductions are necessary, they have to be conducted in a responsible way using appropriate risk assessmentand management measures. Trans-boundary aquatic animal diseases are a major risk and an important constraintto the growth of aquaculture. Aquatic alien species could either be pathogens, which may cause trans-boundaryaquatic animal diseases, or could harbour aquatic animal pathogens that lead to diseases and epizootics inaquaculture following introduction of alien species. Aquatic animal pathogens, are trans-boundary problems withpotential to impact on international trade, aquaculture and fisheries and the people whose livelihoods depend onaquatic resources.Live aquatic animals are moved actively to support subsistence and commercial aquaculture in Asia. Live aquaticanimals though appearing healthy, often carry serious pathogens. Examples of introduction of pathogens to new142
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
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Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
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Maintaining genetic quality of fish
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Where F is the percent increase in
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o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
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Aquaculture extension and training
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ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
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view of outside world than before a
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Along with fish sample, the support
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Fungal examinationFungal infection
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few different pathogen strains. The
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Major finfish diseases in Asia and
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A great number and diversity of ani
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• -oxidase test positive• -resi
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ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
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Accessing better markets-improving
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Owing to its importance in generati
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adopt standards for responsible shr
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Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
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of the temperature rise that were d
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Principles of developing, validatin
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such as determinants, exposures and
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How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
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economic sustainability. BMPs need
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Once you understand your stakeholde
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As conventional approaches such as
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Printed publicationsPrinted publica
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Set up a blog or website for your w
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Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
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Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
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Page 133 and 134: Enhance women participation in aqua
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Page 141: Overall status of men and women in
Page 145 and 146: (ii) to protect human or animal lif
Page 147 and 148: c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
Page 149 and 150: Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
Page 151 and 152: Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
Page 153: Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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