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Organization of small scale farmers and its benefitsN.R. UmeshNational Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture, India. MPEDA(Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India), Plot No.8, SBI Officers’ Colony,Rajendra Nagar, Kakinada – 533 003 Andhra Pradesh, India.AbstractThe small farmer especially in market economies, need the strength that groups can offer for their economic andsocial advancement. NaCSA is currently making efforts to unite farmers under a cluster based programme viz:aquaculture societies for popularization of Better Management Practices (BMPs) and sustainable production. Theconcept of participatory farming has become very popular among farmers. The farmers in organized societiesmoving from being passive recipients of information, services and regulations to a situation where they take fullresponsibility for their own development and use public and private institutions as resource providers. As of now,more than 270 aquaculture societies have been registered in various coastal states, and NaCSA is playing asignificant and lead role in mobilizing and organizing the small scale farmers. The organization of small scalefarmers into groups and then into more formal societies facilitated the adoption and implementation of the BMPs,providing opportunity for farmers share their experiences among fellow farmers, provided better bargaining powerin purchase of quality inputs thus eliminating middlemen. The societies also offer better opportunity for commoninfrastructure development and to reduce cost of production. Societies are an ideal model for small scale farmersto meet the market requirements. Even the seafood buyers are looking for material produced from such sourcesas several of the market conditions are met by the farmer societies. Societies help define and operationalize anorganisational management model for accessing international markets and improve technical, financial andenvironmental sustainability of farm operations. Increasing number of societies in India are providing anopportunity for increased stakeholder interaction and involvement for their mutual benefit. Through societiesabandoned ponds have been revived helping to sustain livelihoods of small farmers.IntroductionCoastal aquaculture in India is synonymous with shrimp aquaculture and mainly carried out by small scalefarmers. More than 90% of the farmers belong to small scale category with holdings of less than 2.00 ha perindividual (MPEDA). Small scale producers have inherent difficulties such as obtaining quality inputs, like shrimpseed and feed, at good prices, accessing resources and services, complying with market requirements (e.g. foodsafety standards, traceability, certification etc.) and accessing markets for their products. Marine Products ExportDevelopment Authority (MPEDA), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India, has felt the need toempower the small scale farmers at the grassroots level by organizing farmers into Aquaculture Societies andnetworking them with a centralized agency for adopting Better Management Practices (BMPs) and to help farmersavail many other benefits. In this background the National Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA) which isan outreach organization of MPEDA was established in 2007 with the objective of providing technical support tothe primary aquaculture societies and build capacity among small farmers to produce quality shrimps in asustainable manner.The five year collaborative project work of MPEDA-NACA (2002-2006) provided the basis for the establishment ofNaCSA. NaCSA is building capacity at grass root level through disseminating technologies and information onbetter practices, sustainable and judicious utilization of the resources to produce safe and sustainable shrimp.Initially farmers were motivated and persuaded to form the societies by the MPEDA-NACA and NaCSA staff but in107
later stages it has become a much more farmer driven activity. Other factors contributed to this process arecontinued networking and repeated interactions promoted self- assurance, trust and reciprocity; as well peerpressure, which in these small groups was important in reigning in free riders. Overall there were increasedshared social and moral norms which helped transcend narrow self-interests. Interestingly this process also led tothe emergence of farmer leaders in each group who were otherwise obscure until they organized as a group whoplay an active part in managing the societies.Objectives of NaCSAThe broad objectives of NaCSA are,a. Promoting science-based management to improve aquaculture sustainability through participatoryapproach.b. Capacity-building and empowerment of small scale farmersc. Facilitating improved service provisiond. Connecting farmers to markets to receive a better price for quality producte. Facilitating interaction among stakeholdersFarmer societyFarmer Society is a group of aqua farmers in a farming cluster or locality who implement and manage theaquaculture activities through participatory approach in order to accomplish their common goal of reducing risks,maximize returns and meet market demands through sustainable shrimp farming. Societies are setup according toa model established by the government and it is legally registered by the Ministry of Revenue and subject toannual audits by MPEDA to verify accounts and ensure a democratic and transparent management. In a societyall the members register their farms with the Government. The society consisting of 20 to 50 farmers has a clearorganization with strict conditions for membership, and elected board members. The members have to contributeadmission fees of Rs,1000, and annual renewal fee of Rs. 250/- per ha in addition members have to pay 0.5% oftheir revenue for the society corpus fund. Membership to a society is purely on voluntary basis.Society Management:The decision making process in societies is through transparent, participatory approach which imparts inherentstrength to these groups. Each society has a president who is normally a senior farmer in that society with manyyears of experience. Their helping attitude to neighboring farmers and respect for others makes it easy for them tolead from the front. They understand the concepts of BMPs and adopt them rapidly; They have vision andforesight in the shrimp farming field and more importantly have a personal interest in developing and managingthe society. The presence of such leaders is very important for success of the societies. The president of thesociety is assisted by a Secretary and treasurer selected among framers.The societies are audited every year by MPEDA for the implementation of BMPs. Societies which fail to implementthem would lose their society registration. Each of the farmer society has one coordinator selected amongst thesociety members or from the community by society farmers. The Society Coordinator is trained in societymanagement, BMPs and extension techniques by NaCSA, who will be responsible for implementing BMPs insocieties and act as link between society farmers and NaCSA. Each of the NaCSA field managers coordinate andmanage the activities of 10 such societies. MPEDA’s society scheme provides 50% financial assistance forfarmers to employ society coordinator for two years.Benefits of organizing as societies:108
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
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Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
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Maintaining genetic quality of fish
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Where F is the percent increase in
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o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
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Aquaculture extension and training
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ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
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view of outside world than before a
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Along with fish sample, the support
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Fungal examinationFungal infection
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few different pathogen strains. The
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Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126: Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128: 7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130: would help in sustaining shrimp sec
Page 131 and 132: Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134: Enhance women participation in aqua
Page 135 and 136: women in aquaculture and identify a
Page 137 and 138: major percentage of staff, the need
Page 139 and 140: having more self confidence through
Page 141 and 142: Overall status of men and women in
Page 143 and 144: Compliance to international standar
Page 145 and 146: (ii) to protect human or animal lif
Page 147 and 148: c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
Page 149 and 150: Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
Page 151 and 152: Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
Page 153: Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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