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• A longitudinal epidemiological study in 365 ponds in Andhra Pradesh, east coast of India, to identify majorrisk factors associated with WSD and low productivity in Penaeus monodon culture ponds (2000-2001)• Development of farm level contextualized BMPs to address the identified risk factors (2002)• Pilot testing of BMPs in selected farms (2002)• Production of a simple and practical shrimp health management manual based on the outcomes of the riskfactor study and piloting of BMPs, to support farm and village level extension programmes (2002)• Development and testing of the concept of cluster farming for effective BMP adoption amongst farmers in acluster, and expansion of BMP promotion to a large number of clusters (2003-2004)• Extension of some of the BMPs to downstream activities like hatcheries• Review and refinement of BMPs, and production of BMP extension leaflets for each stage of the cultureoperation (2005)• Expansion of the BMP programme to clusters in five different states in India (2005-2006)• Conceptualization of an institutional framework for maintaining the BMP and shrimp health extensionprogramme (2006)• Establishment and inauguration of the National Center for Sustainable Aquaculture (NaCSA) to carryforward the MPEDA/NACA programme activities (2007)• NaCSA promoting BMP adoption using cluster approach in several states of IndiaTo enhance BMP uptake and promote adoption in different coastal states of India, BMP brochures on ten keythematic areas were developed in English and translated to all the five state languages. For each of the thematicareas, the brochures describe the field procedures in fifteen simple steps in local language, with the aid of picturesfrom the field. BMP dissemination was principally through weekly farmers meetings and regular pond visits. All theten BMP brochures can be downloaded from www.enaca.org/shrimp1. Good pond/water preparation2. Good quality seed selection3. Water quality management4. Feed management5. Pond bottom monitoring6. Health monitoring/biosecurity7. Food safety (no use of antibiotics)8. Better harvest and post-harvest practices9. Record maintenance/traceability10. Environmental awarenessConclusions and Way forwardShrimp BMP projects, in India, Indonesia, Thailand and Vietnam provide good examples of translating theinternational principles into specific BMPs adapted to local farming conditions and ensuring their implementationby relevant stakeholders, with consequent gains in production, quality improvements and market accessability.They also show evidence of the advantages of small-scale farmers being organized (farmer groups/societies),sharing resources, empowering the stakeholders, helping each other and adopting BMPs. The implementation ofthe better management practices has provided benefits to the farmers, environment and society.BMPs for shrimp farming have been successful in improving shrimp production and profitability and reducing riskfor smallholder farmers in India and in Indonesia (Java and Aceh). BMPs for marine finfish farming and for tracatfish farming are at advanced stages of development and are likely to be tested by the middle of 2009. It is alsobelieved that use of BMPs by small scale farmers will enable access to better markets and address socio-79
economic sustainability. BMPs need to be grounded in valid scientific justification, rather than perception /experience. Thus there is a need for R&D to validate key BMPs, and to quantitatively assess their impact on farmproduction and economics. Equally, there is a need to develop implementation mechanisms to permit large-scalescaling up of BMPs to create impacts among large numbers of small-scale farmers. Implementation mechanismsshould also, far as possible, be supported by and built on systems already in place in the relevant country i.e. thecultural contexts prevalent in each country have to be taken into consideration.Market links are now being explored between BMP implementers and buyers, but considerable further R&D workis necessary on strategies that connect small-farmers to markets. Enhanced regional cooperation is required tobuild on existing experiences and promote wider adoption of better management practices across selectedcommodities and countries in the Asian region. The lessons learned from shrimp BMP programs in the regionshould pave the way for development and implementation of BMPs for other key aquaculture commodities. BMPsshould be simple, science based and cost effective so that farmers can readily adopt them. Development,validation and implementation of commodity-specific BMPs should be seen as a way forward for promotingsustainable aquaculture in the region.80
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
Page 30 and 31: shrimp farming is undertaken in the
Page 32 and 33: Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
Page 34 and 35: • An increase in reliable product
Page 36 and 37: Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
Page 38 and 39: Maintaining genetic quality of fish
Page 40 and 41: Where F is the percent increase in
Page 42 and 43: o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126: Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128: 7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130: would help in sustaining shrimp sec
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Stress brought about by the capture
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Enhance women participation in aqua
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women in aquaculture and identify a
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major percentage of staff, the need
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having more self confidence through
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Overall status of men and women in
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Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
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Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
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Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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