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few different pathogen strains. The application methods are also various among company, however the generalpractice are including injection, bathing, and feeding. Age and size of fish also play a role in the response to thevaccination. Vaccination at the early stage of fish normally confers a better response to the vaccine.Principle of vaccinationVaccination should be conducted in the healthy fish and where the environment is free from the diseases. Fishshould not be subjected to any kind of stress including diseases before vaccination. Things to be consideredwhen apply a vaccination scheme into the farm include fish age, vaccination method, time to vaccinate, intervalperiod between doses (if applicable) and withdrawal period before production harvest.Practical constraintsThe ideal of vaccination is to provide effective protection to fish from the target disease throughout the productioncycle. However, most vaccines have their limitation and vaccination procedure cannot avoid introducing somecertain degree of stress due to over crowding, handling, insufficient oxygen supply and anesthetic effect.Sometime, protection period cannot be planed especially to non-seasonal diseases. Vaccine cost and itsavailability are also major constraint for the vaccination scheme of aquaculture.Evaluation of vaccineEvaluation of the vaccine efficacy is mainly done by the relative percent survival (RPS).using the following formula;The calculation is madeRPS = 1- (vaccinated fish mortality% / non-vaccinated mortality%) x 100 %This method has a baseline criteria that at least 25 fish should be used in duplicate for each test population, whilethe challenge should cause at least 60% mortality in control group on the same time scale of the natural disease.The cause of mortality should be determined and non-specific infection must not exceed 10% in any group andmortality rate of vaccinated fish must be below 24% if the test is concerned to be positive (Ellis, 1988).Availability of fish vaccineVaccination has been integrated into the disease prevention strategies of the salmon and trout industries over adecade. Since these two fish species have a high marketable value, which a healthy fish stock justifies the pricepaid per vaccine dose. Some other commercial vaccines are also available such as for channel catfish, Europeanseabass and seabream, Japanese amberjack and yellowtail, Atlantic cod, and tilapia. Vaccine againstStreptococcus iniae in Asian seabass is now available, whereas other bacterial and viral vaccines are stilldeveloped.ConclusionDisease prevention strategies involve with various factors including, species economy importance, financialcircumstance and national regulation. Vaccine is one of an ideal method as its benefit is long term last. However,availability of vaccine particular to the Asian economic important fish species is rather limited. Cost of vaccinationis also the main constraint both the user and developer company. The health surveillance and good farm practiceseem to be better practical low cost measure to prevent and control the disease. However this may require atraining, which includes from know-how level to professional level. The scheme should be implemented into thenational strategies and sufficient training should be regularly provided to farmers.53
ReferencesAAHRI (1999) Diagnostic procedures for finfish diseases. ISBN 974-7604-64-7.Bondad-Reantaso, M., McGladdery, S.E., East, I. & Subasinghe, R.P. (2001). Asia diagnostic guide to aquaticanimal diseases. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 402/2. 237pp.Cameron, A. (2002). Survey toolbox for aquatic animal diseases: a practical manual and software package.ACIAR Monograph No. 94, 375pp.Ellis, A.E. (1988). Fish Vaccination. Academic Press: London, 255pp.54
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
Page 5 and 6: knowledge about the activities carr
Page 7 and 8: iosphere, in that it is essentially
Page 10 and 11: Importance in narrowing the supply
Page 12 and 13: Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
Page 14: aquaculture has been a success thus
Page 17 and 18: pathogen transfer is generally cons
Page 19 and 20: • It highlights the importance a
Page 21 and 22: particular animal are identified, t
Page 23: Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
Page 26 and 27: farmer innovation process. In this
Page 28 and 29: • Rapport building• Working str
Page 30 and 31: shrimp farming is undertaken in the
Page 32 and 33: Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
Page 34 and 35: • An increase in reliable product
Page 36 and 37: Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
Page 38 and 39: Maintaining genetic quality of fish
Page 40 and 41: Where F is the percent increase in
Page 42 and 43: o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106:
This is a new approach used to buil
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New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
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later stages it has become a much m
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c. Improved information exchange an
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implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116:
With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118:
According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120:
Farmer organization as models for p
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NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
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1. Drain the pond water completely
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Seed transportation and Stocking:
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7. Presently 100% of the society po
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would help in sustaining shrimp sec
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Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134:
Enhance women participation in aqua
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women in aquaculture and identify a
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major percentage of staff, the need
Page 139 and 140:
having more self confidence through
Page 141 and 142:
Overall status of men and women in
Page 143 and 144:
Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
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Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
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Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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