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Most likely all farmers want to operate a biosecure system. However, the extent to which the principles ofbiosecurity can be applied strongly depends on the type of culture system. Biosecurity may be easy to adopt andimplement in land based systems which are under cover and in closed aquaculture systems. On the contrary,applying principles of biosecurity in small-scale, extensive, open farming systems may be difficult. Open farmingsystems with regular water exchange and with little, if any, control over pathogens or carriers entering the pond,still contribute to the major share of fish and shrimp produced in Asia. Discussions on bio-security can beconsidered at two levels; national and farm.Bio-security at the National levelIntensive aquaculture practices tend to provide a platform for the emergence of serious pathogens, while globaltrade in live aquatic animals and their products offer avenues for trans-boundary spread of pathogens. To ensuregood bio-security plan at the national level it is very important that countries establish and implement practicalnational aquatic animal health strategies. Implementation of a comprehensive national aquatic animal healthstrategy would significantly assist in minimizing the impact of aquatic animal diseases and prevent introduction ofexotic pathogens to the country. The following section provides a brief insight into some of the key componentsthat are essential in a national strategy to ensure bio-security at the national level.Competent Authority (CA):A CA as mentioned in the OIE’s Aquatic Animal Health Code means the National Veterinary Services, or otherAuthority of a Member Country, having the responsibility and competence for ensuring or supervising theimplementation of the aquatic animal health measures recommended in the OIE’s Aquatic Animal Health Code(e.g. issuing health certificates, disease surveillance and reporting, quarantine, risk analysis, zoning). Keyinstitutions identified under the CA should have the capacity and expertise to develop national policy andlegislation and support implementation of various elements contained in the national strategies on aquatic animalhealth management and bio-security. The CA must ensure effective networking and communication with relevantinstitutions and stakeholders for the purpose of implementing effective national aquatic animal health strategies.Legislative Support:Legislative support in the form of written legal documents outlining the powers of CA to facilitate implementation ofnational aquatic animal health strategies, is very important. The laws in aquatic animal health should cover aquaticanimal movement, import-export, quarantine and health certification procedure, destruction of diseased stock,compensation, etc. Countries that have environmental or conservation policies or regulations, which impact uponthe movement of live aquatic animals, must take these policies and regulations into consideration when framingseparate aquatic animal health protection legislation. Legislation that covers aquatic animal health issues mustalso clearly address jurisdictional responsibility and ensure that it is consistent with international standards andobligations (e.g., the OIE‘s International Aquatic Animal Health Code and the World Trade Organization’sAgreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement)).National Advisory Committee:The National Advisory Committee for Aquatic Animal Health is a forum for communication and coordination amonggovernment, academia, industry, private sector and other concerned groups for consideration of issues of aquaticanimal health, disease control, and welfare. The objective of establishing a national advisory committee is toprovide a formal mechanism to drive the process of national strategy development and implementation. Membersof such a committee should have a broad understanding of the concept of health management. They should bealso aware of the negative consequences of not having a national strategy on national economies, trade andlivelihood of fish farmers. Among others, the benefits of having national committee include:17
• It highlights the importance a country places on aquatic animal health;• It provides a formal framework and process to drive the development and implementation of nationalstrategy;• It identifies roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders;• It ensures some degree of implementation of aquatic animal health programmes• It provides for wider participation and ownership to different institutionsNational List of Diseases:The National List of diseases is a tool to collate and disseminate information on diseases of national importancefor the purpose of developing national disease control strategies, and complying with regional and internationaldisease reporting requirements. Having a National List of diseases, allows the development of national strategies(e.g. surveillance, contingency planning) around some of these diseases. While developing a national list,considerations must be given to some of the following key criteria:• Cultured and traded species in the country• Economic impact of diseases on farmers and national economy• Diseases exotic to the country• Diseases present in neighboring countries in view of shared water sheds and porous land boarders; and• Existing international (OIE) and regional (QAAD) disease listsSurveillance and Disease Reporting:Surveillance is defined as a systematic collection, analysis and dissemination of health information of a givenpopulation of aquatic animals and is an ongoing process involving handling of health information from differentsources, including surveys. Surveillance is not same as surveys. Passive (general) surveillance is the collection,analysis and dissemination of existing disease information. It includes all the routine disease investigationactivities that may be undertaken in a country/state such as field investigations of disease incidents and results oflaboratory testing. It is important that passive surveillance is undertaken on a continuous basis throughout acountry/state and that the disease information produced is effectively captured, analyzed and used for mountingan early response. Active surveillance (targeted surveillance) refers to active collection of disease data following astructured surveillance design, often targeting specific diseases. Active surveillance collects specific informationabout a defined disease or condition so that its level in a defined population can be measured or its absencereliably substantiated. Disease surveillance should be an integral and key component of all national aquaticanimal health strategies. This is important for early warning of diseases, planning and monitoring of diseasecontrol programs, provision of sound aquatic animal health advice to farmers, certification of exports, internationalreporting and verification of freedom from diseases. It is particularly vital for animal disease emergencypreparedness. Information generated from surveillance systems must be housed in a national database, fromwhere the CA will be able to make use of the surveillance data for the purpose of implementing national diseasecontrol programs or for meeting regional and international disease reporting obligations.Implementation of surveillance systems will directly and indirectly contribute to improved disease diagnosis, betterresearch collaborations, reliable advice to primary producers, capacity building at the level of extension workersand primary producers, development of an early warning and emergency preparedness system.Disease reporting and information sharing can go a long way in minimizing the impact of serious aquatic animalhealth emergencies. By international agreement, diseases listed by the OIE should be reported by membercountries and are subject to specified health measures that are intended to limit disease spread and assuresanitary safety of international trade in aquatic animals and their products. The NACA/FAO/OIE Quarterly AquaticAnimal Disease (QAAD - Asia-Pacific) reporting system lists all diseases listed by the OIE plus diseases ofconcern to the region. The information generated through the regional reporting system, participated by 2118
Page 1 and 2: Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
Page 5 and 6: knowledge about the activities carr
Page 7 and 8: iosphere, in that it is essentially
Page 10 and 11: Importance in narrowing the supply
Page 12 and 13: Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
Page 14: aquaculture has been a success thus
Page 17: pathogen transfer is generally cons
Page 21 and 22: particular animal are identified, t
Page 23: Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
Page 26 and 27: farmer innovation process. In this
Page 28 and 29: • Rapport building• Working str
Page 30 and 31: shrimp farming is undertaken in the
Page 32 and 33: Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
Page 34 and 35: • An increase in reliable product
Page 36 and 37: Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
Page 38 and 39: Maintaining genetic quality of fish
Page 40 and 41: Where F is the percent increase in
Page 42 and 43: o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 56 and 57: Major finfish diseases in Asia and
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69:
adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70:
Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74:
of the temperature rise that were d
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Principles of developing, validatin
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such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80:
How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
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economic sustainability. BMPs need
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Once you understand your stakeholde
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As conventional approaches such as
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Printed publicationsPrinted publica
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Set up a blog or website for your w
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If you have a website, all you need
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ought about increased profits among
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• It is a farming system the prod
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Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
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contribute substantially to maintai
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seawater, but in fresh water its le
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type of ingredients used, since som
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This is a new approach used to buil
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New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
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later stages it has become a much m
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c. Improved information exchange an
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implemented by both societies. Inte
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With better informed farmers, the s
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According to FAO, it is estimated t
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Farmer organization as models for p
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NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
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1. Drain the pond water completely
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Seed transportation and Stocking:
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7. Presently 100% of the society po
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would help in sustaining shrimp sec
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Stress brought about by the capture
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Enhance women participation in aqua
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women in aquaculture and identify a
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major percentage of staff, the need
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having more self confidence through
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Overall status of men and women in
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Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
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Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
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Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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