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Empowering small-scale farmersOrganized farmer groups (Societies) are one of the key mechanisms for supporting farmer empowerment. Theyhave the potential for cooperative action, which can change the position of the farmer in relation to the opportunitystructures and thereby influence the business environment of the farming community. Moreover, small-scalefarmers can, through organisation, gain the advantages of economy of scale in accessing services and markets,which are otherwise limited to large commercial farmers. The small scale shrimp farmer groups of India are in abetter position today to gain these benefits compared to the situation when they were unorganised. The benefits oforganising small scale farmers are as follows;a. Through organization farmers get legal statusb. Improved technical and financial sustainability.c. Improved information exchange and sharing of experience.d. Middlemen/agents being eliminated at all levels.e. Societies-ideal model for small scale farmers to meet the market requirementsf. Increasing stakeholder interaction and involvementg. Revival of livelihood.h. Increased social responsibilityi. Self propagating nature of the modela. Through organization farmers get legal statusPrior to the organizing of farmer societies, the percentage of farm registrations was very low. Small farmers haddifficulty in approaching government agencies and following all the registration formalities as well as most werealso constrained in fuller access to suitable markets. NaCSA promoted a group registration of society farmerswhere all the society farmers applied at once. This approach was very effective for instance in registering farmerswith the Coastal Aquaculture Authority of India (CAA). Presently all society farms and societies are registered withGovernmentb. Improved technical and financial sustainability:Overall the processes that have been put in place have led to significant progress. The improved technicalpractices included reducing or coping with the risks of pathogens being introduced into the farms with suchpractices as synchronized water intake and discharge, simultaneous cropping, putting up and observing earlywarning signs of disease onset, learning from each other, assuring product quality and safety and, overall, actingcollectively in their own interest. Implementation of simple, science based farm practices and adoption of clusterfarming that promoted cooperation reduced disease risks in society farms significantly.The prevalence of shrimp disease in the Society farms is reduced from 82 percent in 2003 to 17 percent in 2006,even when the BMPs were implemented in large scale in more than 200 societies in 2009 the disease incidencewas limited to
c. Improved information exchange and sharing of experience.Exchange of information, experience and ideas among farmers was the key for success of societies. We havenoticed that in each society there are few farmers who are proactive and who grasp the importance of BMPimplementation very quickly. These are the farmers who in turn talk to other farmers and convince them and helpthe NaCSA team to spread the awareness about BMPs to more farmers. Farmers in societies take decisionscollectively; the functioning of society is a very transparent, democratic system. There is regular informationsharing among farmers during weekly meetings and they cooperate in purchase of quality inputs.d. Middlemen/agents being eliminated at all levels.Societies are successful in eliminating middlemen. Middlemen are involved at three stages, in purchase of seed,providing credit and purchase of shrimp.Seed agents- middlemen between hatcheries and farmers. In 2009 societies have purchased about 200 millionshrimp seed through contract hatchery system, where farmers order quality seed in bulk for the whole society.Society farmers deal with hatcheries without the involvement of middlemen.Loan agents- Agents who provide loan to farmers at high interest rate. Owing to lack of access to credit frombanks, many small scale farmers are forced to borrowing from private money lenders. Such practices are tied inwith buy-back practices, where in farmers tend to get low prices for their final harvest. Bank loans for workingcapital, which are not available now for most of the small scale farmers, are likely to be made available once thesocieties are linked up with the market which could happen within next six months.Purchase agents- Middlemen between farmers and processors. Middlemen between farmers and processors.Farmers are being linked to local processors which would eliminate middlemen involved between farmers andprocessors.The above is simplified in the diagram below.e. Societies-ideal model for small scale farmers to meet the market requirements.Over the years the approach to quality management has assumed greater significance and importance in theseafood sector worldwide both in production and supply chains. New trends are emerging in production andmarketing such as traceability, eco-labeling and certification. For farmers and producers in developing countries,supplying goods for national and international markets can present a life-changing opportunity. Retailer demand is110
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
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Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
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Maintaining genetic quality of fish
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Where F is the percent increase in
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o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
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Aquaculture extension and training
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ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
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view of outside world than before a
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Along with fish sample, the support
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Fungal examinationFungal infection
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few different pathogen strains. The
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Major finfish diseases in Asia and
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A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109: later stages it has become a much m
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126: Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128: 7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130: would help in sustaining shrimp sec
Page 131 and 132: Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134: Enhance women participation in aqua
Page 135 and 136: women in aquaculture and identify a
Page 137 and 138: major percentage of staff, the need
Page 139 and 140: having more self confidence through
Page 141 and 142: Overall status of men and women in
Page 143 and 144: Compliance to international standar
Page 145 and 146: (ii) to protect human or animal lif
Page 147 and 148: c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
Page 149 and 150: Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
Page 151 and 152: Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
Page 153: Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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