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Major finfish diseases in Asia and practical measures adopted in controllingdiseasesSupranee ChinabutDepartment of FisheriesKasetsart University Campus, Bangkok, ThailandAbstractThe health of cultured fish normally related to aquaculture management practice. The major diseases of finfish inAsian aquaculture are grouping into parasitic diseases, bacterial diseases, viral diseases, fungal diseases andnutritional diseases. Parasitic protozoa such as Oodinium sp. Trichodina sp., Ichthyobodo sp., Ichthyopthiriasmultifiliis, and Tetrahymena sp. are the most serious diseases to fish fry and fingering. There are many bacterialdiseases that cause severe problem in fish culture, such as motile Aeromonas septicaemia, streptococcosis,vibriosis, mycobacteriosis. There are many viral pathogens that cause diseases in fish, such as lymphocystis, viralnervous necrosis (VNN), spring viraemia virus and koi herpes virus. Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) is thepandemic fungal disease of many freshwater and brackish water fish.IntroductionThe knowledge on finfish diseases will help to increase or improve the productivity or production in aquaculture.Anyone who interested in fish health or biological sciences can practice and work as diagnostician on fish health.Study on fish diseases can be done by self learning and practice or attend fish disease courses.The understanding on the meaning of the word “disease” is important to go further to know more about finfishdiseases. Diseases mean any abnormality of structure or function of the organisms, inability to performphysiological function at normal levels. Diseased animals are not just sick or die but they are those performingbelow expectations. The unit of interest for diseased fish is the population, which can be ponds, cages or tanks,farms, areas of the country or the whole region. The study of disease patterns in the populations is “epidemiology”.Fish are poikilothermal animals, which mean their body temperature change according to the water temperature.Their biological systems are tremendously altered by water temperature and other environmental factors.Therefore, good management is very important practice for the successful of fish farms. Environmental factors thatmay affect the health of cultured fish are as follow:Temperature:Is the most important factor to fish health. Rapid changes of water temperature can cause stressful condition tofish. Fish can tolerate to temperature drop better than a rising temperature. Fish will be more susceptible topathogens in rising temperature condition.Dissolved Oxygen:Small fish require more O2 than larger fish. Fish living in low dissolved oxygen water will gather at water inlet orgasping at water surface. Gill damage or pale can be the sign of O2 deficiency.55
Ammonia:Ionized ammonia will cause damage to gills and other organs. Toxicity of ammonia is varied with pH andtemperature.Nitrite and nitrate:Nitrate is non toxic to fish but nitrite is the toxic form to fish. High level of nitrite in the water can increasemethaemoglobin in fish blood, which cause the disease called “brown blood disease”.Carbon dioxide:High level of CO2 in fish blood will inhibit the O2 uptake. Level of less than 6 mg/l of free CO2 in water is acceptedfor aquaculture. High level of CO 2 in water can cause nephrocalcinosis in fish, which can damage kidney.Chlorine:Is extremely toxic to fish, causing acute gill damage or gill hyperplasia if fish expose to low level of chlorine for along time. Use of sodium thiosulphate at the concentrations of 3-5 mg/l cans neutralize the toxic of chlorine.Supper saturation:Supersaturated water with O2 or N2 can cause gas-bubble disease in fish. In aquarium or hatcheries,supersaturated water may cause by leaking of pump or valve system. Aerating or agitating the water can solve theproblem. Young fish are more susceptible to supersaturated water condition than bigger fish. Low level of supersaturation may cause cataract, fin rot or gill disease in fish.Suspended solid:The solid particle that suspend in the water will irritate skin and gill epithelium. Over feeding practice is the mostimportant sort of suspended solids in the water.Toxic organic compounds:Many organic compounds are toxic to fish. Clinical signs and toxic effects in fish cause by organic compounds arevariable due to fish species and types of compounds. High concentrations of organic compounds causerespiratory failure and death to fish. Sub-lethal concentrations may cause blindness, anemia, skin lesions, poorgrowth, tumors etc.DiagnosisThe proper results on fish health diagnosis should come from a set of information on aquaculture practice of thefarmers, water quality parameters and pathogen examination.Infectious disease is a disease cause by pathogenic organisms including parasites, bacteria, fungus and virus.Parasitic diseases56
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
Page 3 and 4:
Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
Page 5 and 6: knowledge about the activities carr
Page 7 and 8: iosphere, in that it is essentially
Page 10 and 11: Importance in narrowing the supply
Page 12 and 13: Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
Page 14: aquaculture has been a success thus
Page 17 and 18: pathogen transfer is generally cons
Page 19 and 20: • It highlights the importance a
Page 21 and 22: particular animal are identified, t
Page 23: Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
Page 26 and 27: farmer innovation process. In this
Page 28 and 29: • Rapport building• Working str
Page 30 and 31: shrimp farming is undertaken in the
Page 32 and 33: Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
Page 34 and 35: • An increase in reliable product
Page 36 and 37: Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
Page 38 and 39: Maintaining genetic quality of fish
Page 40 and 41: Where F is the percent increase in
Page 42 and 43: o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
Page 44 and 45: Aquaculture extension and training
Page 46 and 47: ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
Page 48 and 49: view of outside world than before a
Page 50 and 51: Along with fish sample, the support
Page 52 and 53: Fungal examinationFungal infection
Page 54 and 55: few different pathogen strains. The
Page 58 and 59: A great number and diversity of ani
Page 60 and 61: • -oxidase test positive• -resi
Page 62 and 63: ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
Page 64 and 65: Accessing better markets-improving
Page 66 and 67: Owing to its importance in generati
Page 68 and 69: adopt standards for responsible shr
Page 70: Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
Page 73 and 74: of the temperature rise that were d
Page 75 and 76: Principles of developing, validatin
Page 77 and 78: such as determinants, exposures and
Page 79 and 80: How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
Page 81 and 82: economic sustainability. BMPs need
Page 83 and 84: Once you understand your stakeholde
Page 85 and 86: As conventional approaches such as
Page 87 and 88: Printed publicationsPrinted publica
Page 89 and 90: Set up a blog or website for your w
Page 91 and 92: If you have a website, all you need
Page 93 and 94: ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
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New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
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later stages it has become a much m
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c. Improved information exchange an
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implemented by both societies. Inte
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With better informed farmers, the s
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According to FAO, it is estimated t
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Farmer organization as models for p
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NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
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1. Drain the pond water completely
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Seed transportation and Stocking:
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7. Presently 100% of the society po
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would help in sustaining shrimp sec
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Stress brought about by the capture
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Enhance women participation in aqua
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women in aquaculture and identify a
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major percentage of staff, the need
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having more self confidence through
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Overall status of men and women in
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Compliance to international standar
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(ii) to protect human or animal lif
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c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commi
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Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
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Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
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Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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