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• Pathogens to be considered• Disease diagnosis• Health certification and quarantine measures• Disease zoning• Disease surveillance and reporting• Contingency planning• Import risk analysis• National strategies and policy frameworks• Regional capacity building• Implementation of the technical guidelines• The Beijing consensus and the implementation strategyThe above framework provided by the guidelines is a comprehensive one that includes all major requirements for managingrisk associated with live aquatic animal movementsFood SafetyThe issue of safety and quality is of concern to all consumers in both producing and importing countries. Foodsafety must be an integral part of any aquaculture production system. In most fish exporting countries, specialattention is paid to the safety of products meant for export, while products for domestic consumption receive lessattention. This trend needs to be rectified through appropriate awareness and capacity building activities andsupporting legislation.Potential risks to human health and food safety from aquaculture products can come from various reasons. Foodborneparasitic infections, food-borne diseases associated with pathogenic bacteria and viruses, residues of agrochemicals,veterinary drugs and heavy-metal organic or inorganic contamination have been identified as possiblehazards in aquaculture products. These hazards are usually associated with the aquaculture habitat, the speciesbeing farmed, the general condition of the local environment, and cultural habits of food preparation andconsumption.International AgreementsVarious global instruments, codes of practice and guidelines (either voluntary or obligatory) exist that providecertain levels of protection, all aimed at ensuring the safety of food for human consumptiona) FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries: The 1995 FAO Conference adopted the Code of Conductfor Responsible Fisheries which calls for, inter alia, food safety and quality of aquaculture products. The Code’sArticle 9 Aquaculture Development, and in particular its provisions for Responsible Aquaculture at the ProductionLevel, address the need for safe and effective use of feeds, feed additives, fertilizers, manure, chemotherapeutantsand other chemicals.b) WTO-SPS Agreement: The rules that govern international trade in food were agreed upon during the Uruguay-Round on Multilateral Trade Negotiations and apply to all members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Withregard to food safety, these rules are set out in the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPSAgreement). According to the SPS Agreement, WTO members have the right to take legitimate measures toprotect the life and health of their people from hazards in food, but these measures may not be unjustifiably traderestrictive. Also, these measures have to be based on risk assessment, taking into consideration the riskassessment techniques developed by relevant international organizations.145
c) FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC): In regard to food safety, the relevant internationalorganization is the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). In order to facilitate and harmonize riskassessment, the CAC has adopted a number of definitions in relation to risk analysis. In this context, it isparticularly important to recognize that a hazard is a biological, chemical or physical agent in, or condition of, food,with the potential to cause harm. In contrast, risk is an estimate of the probability and severity of adverse healtheffects in exposed populations, consequential to hazard(s) in food.Identification of hazards in food and the determination of their relevance for health as well as their control is thefunction of the science of risk analysis. Risk analysis is an emerging discipline in food control; the methodologicalbasis for assessing, managing and communicating risks associated with food-borne hazards is, at the internationallevel, still in a developing phase.Within the Codex system, broad issues relating to food safety that are also applicable to products fromaquaculture, fall under the general subject committees, such as the Codex Committees on Food Additives andContaminants, Food Hygiene, Pesticide Residues, and Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods.The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental body with more than 180 members, within theframework of the Joint Food Standards Programme established by the Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO), with the purpose of protecting the health ofconsumers and ensuring fair practices in the food trade. The Commission also promotes coordination of all foodstandards work undertaken by international governmental and nongovernmental organizations.d) Codex Alimentarius: The Codex Alimentarius is the result of the Commission’s work: a collection ofinternationally adopted food standards, guidelines, codes of practice and other recommendations.e) Code of Practice for fish and fishery products: The Code of practice for fish and fishery products(WHO/FAO 2009) is intended for all those engaged in the handling, production, storage, distribution, export,import and sale of fish and fishery products. The Code will help in attaining safe and wholesome products that canbe sold on national or international markets and meet the requirements of the Codex Standards.146
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Training of TrainersProgramme3-7 Au
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Table of Contents1. Preface 42. Sen
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knowledge about the activities carr
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iosphere, in that it is essentially
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Importance in narrowing the supply
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Figure 7: The trend in aquaculture
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aquaculture has been a success thus
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pathogen transfer is generally cons
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• It highlights the importance a
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particular animal are identified, t
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Knowledge at the bottom of the pyra
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farmer innovation process. In this
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• Rapport building• Working str
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shrimp farming is undertaken in the
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Reintjes, C and Hiemstra, W. 1989 F
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• An increase in reliable product
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Principles of AACC are to: 1) Facil
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Maintaining genetic quality of fish
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Where F is the percent increase in
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o G=(0.95) 1/10G =0.994883803Figure
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Aquaculture extension and training
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ResearchExtensionFarmersFlow of inf
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view of outside world than before a
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Along with fish sample, the support
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Fungal examinationFungal infection
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few different pathogen strains. The
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Major finfish diseases in Asia and
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A great number and diversity of ani
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• -oxidase test positive• -resi
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ReferencesAustin, B. and D. Austin.
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Accessing better markets-improving
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Owing to its importance in generati
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adopt standards for responsible shr
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Tokrisna R, Benheam W., 1995. Gain
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of the temperature rise that were d
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Principles of developing, validatin
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such as determinants, exposures and
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How to promote adoption of BMPs?Pro
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economic sustainability. BMPs need
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Once you understand your stakeholde
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As conventional approaches such as
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Printed publicationsPrinted publica
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Set up a blog or website for your w
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If you have a website, all you need
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ought about increased profits among
Page 95 and 96: • It is a farming system the prod
Page 97 and 98: Annex 1. The area surveyed for obta
Page 99 and 100: contribute substantially to maintai
Page 101 and 102: seawater, but in fresh water its le
Page 103 and 104: type of ingredients used, since som
Page 105 and 106: This is a new approach used to buil
Page 107 and 108: New, M.B., A. G. J. Tacon and I. Cs
Page 109 and 110: later stages it has become a much m
Page 111 and 112: c. Improved information exchange an
Page 113 and 114: implemented by both societies. Inte
Page 115 and 116: With better informed farmers, the s
Page 117 and 118: According to FAO, it is estimated t
Page 119 and 120: Farmer organization as models for p
Page 121 and 122: NaCSA disseminates BMPs mainly thro
Page 123 and 124: 1. Drain the pond water completely
Page 125 and 126: Seed transportation and Stocking:
Page 127 and 128: 7. Presently 100% of the society po
Page 129 and 130: would help in sustaining shrimp sec
Page 131 and 132: Stress brought about by the capture
Page 133 and 134: Enhance women participation in aqua
Page 135 and 136: women in aquaculture and identify a
Page 137 and 138: major percentage of staff, the need
Page 139 and 140: having more self confidence through
Page 141 and 142: Overall status of men and women in
Page 143 and 144: Compliance to international standar
Page 145: (ii) to protect human or animal lif
Page 149 and 150: Annex 1: List of participantsCountr
Page 151 and 152: Annex 2: AgendaDate Time Presentati
Page 153: Annex 3: List of resource persons1.
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