Handbook for Methane Control in Mining - AMMSA

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183NNatural ventilation, coal silos ................................145Numerical simulation, methane reservoirs ............122OOil shale mines ......................................................153Origins of coalbed methane.....................................77Outbursts................................................................107Oxygen deficiency...................................................66PPaleochannels ..........................................................98Petroleum mines ....................................................154Pipelines in mines....................................................90Placement of sensing heads, methane monitors.......32Portable methane detectors................................27–28Potash mines..........................................................154Prediction of gas emissions ...................................119Pressure, effect on explosibility.................................5Production decline analysis, degas boreholes........118RRaise bore drills, ventilation of..............................130Recirculation, hazards of .........................................14district.................................................................16dust scrubber.......................................................15in headings..........................................................15Reserve ventilating capacity, bleeders.....................68Reservoir engineering methods .............114, 117–118Reservoir modeling........................................122–123Reservoir properties, coal seams .............................78Restricted spaces, sampling in.................................30Rock dusting requirements ....................................148SSample draw systems in methane detectors.............13Sampling accessible spaces for methane .................29Sampling restricted spaces for methane.............30–31Sandstone channels..................................................98Scrubber clogging, continuous miners.....................44Scrubber exhaust direction, continuous miners...44–45Scrubbers, continuous miners............................41, 45Sealing pillared areas...............................................69Seasonal trend in explosions....................................19Sedimentary intrusions ..........................................104Separate mine fans, effect on bleeders.....................73Setback, brattice, continuous miners .......................39Shafts.............................................................127–134barometric pressure...........................................133cutting and welding ..........................................129filling, at closed mines......................................132restricted spaces........................................129–130sampling guidelines ..........................................128ventilation guidelines........................................127water rings ........................................................129work decks........................................................128Shearer-clearer, longwalls .......................................56Silos – See Coal silos ............................................141Specific methane emission ......................................80Splits of air, bleeders ...............................................73Spray fan system, continuous miners ......................40Sprays, longwall ................................................56, 58Startup and recovery ventilation, bleeders...............74Static electricity .........................................................8TTemperature, effect on explosibility..........................5Thresholds for coal seam degasification..................80Trona mines...........................................................154Tunnels ..........................................................169–180assessing the hazard..................................169–171auxiliary ventilation..........................................175blowing ventilation ..........................................173checking the ventilation system........................177cumulative ventilation inefficiencies ................176dilution of methane to safe levels .....................171early indicators of a gas problem......................169exhaust ventilation............................................173face ventilation effectiveness............................173face ventilation systems....................................172fixed-site methane monitors .............................178gas checks.........................................................177handheld methane detectors..............................178human factors ...................................................179ignition sources.................................................179inadequate overlap in auxiliary systems ...........175lower explosive limit ........................................171main ventilation systems...................................172monitoring for methane ....................................177multiple preventive actions...............................172overlap in auxiliary systems .............................175planning ............................................................169potentially gassy ...............................................179recirculation......................................................175shutdown test ....................................................178stagnant zones...................................................174upper explosive limit ........................................171ventilation efficiency ........................................176
184UUnderground methane pipeline, degasification .......90Unforeseen gas emissions........................................98Upper explosive limit ............................................3, 5Upper flammable limit...........................................3, 5VVentilation eddy zones ......................................56, 58Ventilation failure, tunnels ....................................170Ventilation setback ..................................................39Ventilation systems, tunnels ..................................172Venturi air movers, tunnels....................................177Vertical frac wells, degasification ...........................84WWalkway curtain, longwalls ....................................57Warning signs during sampling.........................31, 34Water sprays, longwalls.....................................56, 58Wells, oil or gas at metal/nonmetal mines.............161
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TMIC 9486Information Circular/2006H
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ORDERING INFORMATIONCopies of Natio
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ILLUSTRATIONS—ContinuedPage4-6. U
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HANDBOOK FOR METHANE CONTROL IN MIN
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4Below 5%, called the lower explosi
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6reduced pressure, except at very l
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8Static electricity. Protection aga
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10Figure 1-4.—Estimated methane c
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12LAYERING OF METHANE AT THE MINE R
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14good eyesight. 24methane level.Ot
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16a material balance indicated that
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18As an example, assume that themet
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20Figure 1-10.—Relative frequency
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22Davies AW, Isaac AK, Cook PM [200
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24Margerson SNA, Robinson H, Wilkin
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CHAPTER 2.—SAMPLING FOR METHANE I
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29USING PORTABLE METHANE DETECTORST
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Out-of-range gas concentrations in
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Figure 2-3.—Recorder chart from a
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35Industrial Scientific Corp. [2004
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38peaks, not the overallmethane lev
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40hung on J-hook assemblies, which
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42Methane dilution effectiveness.Th
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44found that effective scrubber ope
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46When the scrubber exhaust is not
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48Methane monitors are usually moun
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50to use radial bits instead of con
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52Mott ML, Chuhta EJ [1991]. Face v
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54Service, Centers for Disease Cont
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56Methane accumulationsaround thesh
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58corner and by 43% at supportNo. 4
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60When using water sprays to reduce
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62Cecala AB, Zimmer JA, Thimons ED
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64DESIGNING BLEEDER SYSTEMSAs part
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66Caved area characteristics. The c
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68then move this gas into the activ
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70perform tests to determine whethe
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72A major purpose of the bleeder sy
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74• Inlets to the pillared area n
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76REFERENCESCFR. Code of federal re
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78Methane is released into each min
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80Figure 6-1.—Gas content of coal
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82Figure 6-3.—Simplified illustra
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842. In-mine inclined or vertical b
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861. Packed cavity method and its v
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88Table 6-3.—Methane capture rati
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90Early experiences with this metho
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9211. At the surface installation (
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94• Estimated cost for moderately
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96Thakur PC [1981]. Methane control
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98Anomalous, unanticipated methane
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100Vertical methane drainage boreho
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102Figure 7-2 shows a mine entry ap
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104obvious solution to this problem
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106Figure 7-8.—Hypothetical gas c
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108Lama and Bodziony [1998] compile
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110In-mine methane drainage systems
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112Iannacchione AT, Ulery JP, Hyman
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114More sophisticated reservoir eng
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116coal lithotype on gas content is
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118FORECASTING REMAINING GAS-IN-PLA
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120⎛ y⎞⎜⎛⎞ ⎛ ⎞= ⎜
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122emissions. The geometry and size
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124Reservoir models require a subst
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126King GR, Ertekin T [1989a]. A su
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128an area of 314 ft 2 would requir
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130In the case of the abovementione
Page 137 and 138: 132FILLING SHAFTS AT CLOSED MINESFi
Page 139 and 140: 134Hinderfeld G [1995]. Ventilation
Page 141 and 142: 136To calculate the effectiveinert,
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Page 145 and 146: 140required only 4 min. As a result
Page 147 and 148: 142Figure 11-1.—Desorption test a
Page 149 and 150: 144enclosed in a tunnel-like struct
Page 151 and 152: 146Kolada RJ [1985]. Investigation
Page 153 and 154: 148air in a 6-ft by 9-ft by 6.5-ft
Page 155 and 156: 150represents flammable mixtures. F
Page 157 and 158: 152• In Eastern Europe, petroleum
Page 159 and 160: 154Category II applies to domal sal
Page 161 and 162: 1562. Monitoring for gas and taking
Page 163 and 164: 158These mines typically have large
Page 165 and 166: 160Dave Graham is the safety and he
Page 167 and 168: 162Figure 13-2.—Examples of metha
Page 169 and 170: 164REFERENCESAndrews JN [1987]. Nob
Page 171 and 172: 166APPENDIX A.—ONTARIO OCCUPATION
Page 174 and 175: 169CHAPTER 14.—PREVENTING METHANE
Page 176 and 177: Ways to confirm the presence of gas
Page 178 and 179: 173The tunnel face is usually venti
Page 180 and 181: 175Figure 14-5.—TBM ventilation s
Page 182 and 183: face. While one of these elements a
Page 184 and 185: 179ELIMINATING IGNITION SOURCESElec
Page 186 and 187: 181INDEXAAbnormally gassy faces....
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