Handbook for Methane Control in Mining - AMMSA

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25Saghafi A, Williams DJ, Lama RD [1997]. Worldwide methane emissions from undergroundcoal mining. In: Ramani RV, ed. Proceedings of the Sixth International Mine VentilationCongress (Pittsburgh, PA, May 17–22, 1997). Littleton, CO: Society for Mining, Metallurgy,and Exploration, Inc.: pp. 441–445.Schatzel SJ, Cooke GA [1994]. Organic and mineralogic factors influencing Green River oilshale methane emissions. Fuel 73(4):573–578.Schroeder WE, Kissell FN [1983]. Face ventilation analysis by probability plotting of transformedmethane concentration data. J Mine Vent Soc S Afr 36(11):109–116.Stevenson JW [1968]. Effects of bleeder entries during atmospheric pressure changes. Min EngJun:61–64.Thimons ED, Vinson RP, Kissell FN [1977]. Forecasting methane hazards in metal andnonmetal mines. Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, RI 8392.NTIS No. PB80100696.Thomas TSE [1941]. Sparks from aluminum-painted iron. Possible ignition of inflammable gasmixtures. Colliery Guardian 163:202.Titman H, Roberts AF, Brookes FR [1965]. The accumulation of methane in roof cavities.Safety in Mines Research Establishment (U.K.), research report No. 235.Ulery JP, Hyman DM [1991]. The modified direct method of gas content determination:applications and results. In: Proceedings of the 1991 Coalbed Methane Symposium (Universityof Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, May 13–16, 1991), pp. 489–500.Vinson RP, Thimons ED, Kissell FN [1978]. Methane accumulations in coal mine roof cavities.Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, RI 8267. NTIS No.PB277919.Williams RY [1914]. The humidity of mine air with especial reference to coal mines in Illinois.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, B 83.Zabetakis MG [1965]. Flammability characteristics of combustible gases and vapors.Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, B 627.Zabetakis MG, Stahl RW, Watson HA [1959]. Determining the explosibility of mine atmospheres.Pittsburgh, PA: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, IC 7901.
CHAPTER 2.—SAMPLING FOR METHANE IN MINES AND TUNNELSBy Fred N. Kissell, Ph.D. 127In This Chapter Instruments available to measure methane in mines and tunnels Using a portable detector in both accessible and restricted spaces Machine-mounted monitors: placement and response time Calibration of catalytic detectors for different gasesand Misinterpreting warning signsThis chapter gives guidelines for methane measurement inmines and tunnels. The emphasis is on the measurementprocedure and the interpretation of the measurement ratherthan on the instrument itself.The failure to properly sample for methane is a major contributing factor to methane explosionrisk. Sampling errors are most likely to occur at mines or tunnels where the presence of methaneis not suspected or during nonroutine tasks at mines or tunnels known to have gas.More specific information on methane sampling at continuous miner sections is in Chapter 3.Chapters 4 and 5 discuss sampling at longwall sections, and Chapter 14 discusses sampling attunnels.METHANE DETECTORS FOR MININGMany models of gas detectors are available to measure methane concentrations, as well as mostof the other contaminant gases found in mines and tunnels. An example is the iTX Multi-GasMonitor, a portable gas detector available from Industrial Scientific Corp., Oakdale, PA. Thishandheld instrument measures several gases simultaneously. The cost (2004) ranges from$1,300 to $2,200, depending on the number of gases measured. Similar instruments are availablefrom other manufacturers.Most methane detectors used in mining use a catalytic heat of combustion sensor to detectmethane and other combustible gases. These have been proven through many years of reliableoperation. For detection of methane, proper operation of catalytic heat of combustion sensors1 Research physical scientist, Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,Pittsburgh, PA (retired).
Page 1 and 2: TMIC 9486Information Circular/2006H
Page 3 and 4: ORDERING INFORMATIONCopies of Natio
Page 5 and 6: ILLUSTRATIONS—ContinuedPage4-6. U
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Page 11 and 12: 4Below 5%, called the lower explosi
Page 13 and 14: 6reduced pressure, except at very l
Page 15 and 16: 8Static electricity. Protection aga
Page 17 and 18: 10Figure 1-4.—Estimated methane c
Page 19 and 20: 12LAYERING OF METHANE AT THE MINE R
Page 21 and 22: 14good eyesight. 24methane level.Ot
Page 23 and 24: 16a material balance indicated that
Page 25 and 26: 18As an example, assume that themet
Page 27 and 28: 20Figure 1-10.—Relative frequency
Page 29 and 30: 22Davies AW, Isaac AK, Cook PM [200
Page 31: 24Margerson SNA, Robinson H, Wilkin
Page 35 and 36: 29USING PORTABLE METHANE DETECTORST
Page 37 and 38: Out-of-range gas concentrations in
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2-3.—Recorder chart from a
Page 41 and 42: 35Industrial Scientific Corp. [2004
Page 43 and 44: 38peaks, not the overallmethane lev
Page 45 and 46: 40hung on J-hook assemblies, which
Page 47 and 48: 42Methane dilution effectiveness.Th
Page 49 and 50: 44found that effective scrubber ope
Page 51 and 52: 46When the scrubber exhaust is not
Page 53 and 54: 48Methane monitors are usually moun
Page 55 and 56: 50to use radial bits instead of con
Page 57 and 58: 52Mott ML, Chuhta EJ [1991]. Face v
Page 59 and 60: 54Service, Centers for Disease Cont
Page 61 and 62: 56Methane accumulationsaround thesh
Page 63 and 64: 58corner and by 43% at supportNo. 4
Page 65 and 66: 60When using water sprays to reduce
Page 67 and 68: 62Cecala AB, Zimmer JA, Thimons ED
Page 69 and 70: 64DESIGNING BLEEDER SYSTEMSAs part
Page 71 and 72: 66Caved area characteristics. The c
Page 73 and 74: 68then move this gas into the activ
Page 75 and 76: 70perform tests to determine whethe
Page 77 and 78: 72A major purpose of the bleeder sy
Page 79 and 80: 74• Inlets to the pillared area n
Page 81 and 82: 76REFERENCESCFR. Code of federal re
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78Methane is released into each min
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80Figure 6-1.—Gas content of coal
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82Figure 6-3.—Simplified illustra
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842. In-mine inclined or vertical b
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861. Packed cavity method and its v
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88Table 6-3.—Methane capture rati
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90Early experiences with this metho
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9211. At the surface installation (
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94• Estimated cost for moderately
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96Thakur PC [1981]. Methane control
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98Anomalous, unanticipated methane
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100Vertical methane drainage boreho
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102Figure 7-2 shows a mine entry ap
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104obvious solution to this problem
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106Figure 7-8.—Hypothetical gas c
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108Lama and Bodziony [1998] compile
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110In-mine methane drainage systems
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112Iannacchione AT, Ulery JP, Hyman
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114More sophisticated reservoir eng
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116coal lithotype on gas content is
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118FORECASTING REMAINING GAS-IN-PLA
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120⎛ y⎞⎜⎛⎞ ⎛ ⎞= ⎜
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122emissions. The geometry and size
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124Reservoir models require a subst
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126King GR, Ertekin T [1989a]. A su
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128an area of 314 ft 2 would requir
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130In the case of the abovementione
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132FILLING SHAFTS AT CLOSED MINESFi
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134Hinderfeld G [1995]. Ventilation
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136To calculate the effectiveinert,
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138exhaust. The remaining diesel ex
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140required only 4 min. As a result
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142Figure 11-1.—Desorption test a
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144enclosed in a tunnel-like struct
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146Kolada RJ [1985]. Investigation
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148air in a 6-ft by 9-ft by 6.5-ft
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150represents flammable mixtures. F
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152• In Eastern Europe, petroleum
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154Category II applies to domal sal
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1562. Monitoring for gas and taking
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158These mines typically have large
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160Dave Graham is the safety and he
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162Figure 13-2.—Examples of metha
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164REFERENCESAndrews JN [1987]. Nob
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166APPENDIX A.—ONTARIO OCCUPATION
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169CHAPTER 14.—PREVENTING METHANE
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Ways to confirm the presence of gas
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173The tunnel face is usually venti
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175Figure 14-5.—TBM ventilation s
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face. While one of these elements a
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179ELIMINATING IGNITION SOURCESElec
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181INDEXAAbnormally gassy faces....
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183NNatural ventilation, coal silos
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Delivering on the Nation’s Promis
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