Universal-Womens-accesss-to-justice-Publications-Practitioners-Guide-Series-2016-ENG

118 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 12
including legislation, to ensure the full development and
advancement of women, for the purpose of guaranteeing them
the exercise and enjoyment of human rights and fundamental
freedoms on a basis of equality with men”.
Article 3 builds on the principles reflected in the Charter of the
United Nations, Articles 1(3) 322 and 55, 323 and the preamble to
321
Bangkok Rules, above note 273, Rules 67-69: Rule 67 refers to
particular research into the offences committed by women, the
reasons that trigger women’s confrontation with the criminal justice
system, the impact of secondary criminalization and imprisonment on
women, the characteristics of women offenders, as well as
programmes designed to reduce reoffending by women, as a basis for
effective planning, programme development and policy formulation to
respond to the social reintegration needs of women offenders; Rule 68
talks of the need to assess how many children are affected by their
mothers’ confrontation with the criminal justice system, and the
impact of this on children, in order to contribute to policy formulation
and programme development, taking into account the best interests of
children; Rule 69 requires that “[e]fforts shall be made to review,
evaluate and make public periodically the trends, problems and factors
associated with offending behaviour in women and the effectiveness in
responding to the social reintegration needs of women offenders, as
well as their children, in order to reduce the stigmatization and
negative impact of those women’s confrontation with the criminal
justice system on them”.
322
United Nations Charter, Article 1(3) identifies one of the purposes
of the United Nations: “To achieve international co-operation in solving
international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or
humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for
human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction
as to race, sex, language, or religion”.
323
United Nations Charter, Article 55 provides: “With a view to the
creation of conditions of stability and well-being which are necessary
for peaceful and friendly relations among nations based on respect for
the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, the
United Nations shall promote: … (c) universal respect for, and
observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without
distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion”.