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286 PRACTITIONERS GUIDE No. 12
even outside the territory of States Parties to the European
Convention of Human Rights - including in northern Iraq, 701
Kenya, 702 Sudan, 703 Iran, 704 in a UN neutral buffer zone, 705 and
in international waters. 706 Human rights obligations apply in
unmodified form to a State exercising extra-territorial
jurisdiction – for example, an occupying power, a military base
abroad or a state operating an extra-territorial detention centre
- as has been authoritatively affirmed regarding comparable
obligations under CAT, the ICCPR, the ECHR, 707 by the Inter-
American Commission on Human Rights 708 and the Refugee
Convention. 709
701
Issa and Others v. Turkey, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 46
702
Öcalan v. Turkey, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 47.
703
Ramirez v. France, ECommHR, op. cit., fn. 47.
704
Pad and Others v. Turkey, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 47.
705
Isaak and Others v. Turkey, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 47.
706
Xhavara and Others v. Italy and Albania, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 46;
and, Women on Waves and Others v. Portugal, ECtHR, op. cit., fn. 46.
707
See, inter alia, Al-Sadoon and Mufti v. United Kingdom, ECtHR, op.
cit., fn. 391; Al-Skeini and Others v. United Kingdom, ECtHR, op. cit.,
fn 1267, paras. 133-142.
708
See, Haitian Interdictions Case, IACHR, op. cit., fn. 46, paras. 163,
168 and 171.
709
Concluding Observations on USA, CAT, op. cit., fn. 46, para. 20;
Concluding Observations on USA, CCPR, op. cit., fn. 323; UNHCR, The
Scope and Content of the Principle of Non-Refoulement, Opinion, Sir
Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC, Daniel Bethlehem, Barrister, paras. 62-67,
concludes that: “the principle of non-refoulement will apply to the
conduct of State officials or those acting on behalf of the State
wherever this occurs, whether beyond the national territory of the
State in question, at border posts or other points of entry, in
international zones, at transit points, etc.” See also, para. 242. See
further, UNHCR, Advisory Opinion on the Extraterritorial Application,
op. cit., fn. 293; CAT, General Comment No. 2, op. cit., fn. 31, paras
7, 16 and 19; Nowak and McArthur, op. cit., fn. 391, p.129, para.4;
p.147, para.72 and p.199, para. 180-1; CCPR, General Comment No.
31, op. cit., fn. 46, para. 10-11; Concluding Observations on United
Kingdom, CAT, op. cit., fn. 391, paras. 4(b) and 5(e).