Universal-Womens-accesss-to-justice-Publications-Practitioners-Guide-Series-2016-ENG

V
WOMEN’S ACCESS TO JUSTICE FOR GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE 191
Forbidding women from leaving the home, locking
women up in the home or taking away car keys;
Threats of violence to the woman or people she cares
about, especially threats to harm her children or threats
to “take the children away” from their mother; and
Acts of intimidation, including shouting, verbal abuse,
and destroying property.
A form of psychological violence that impacts the enjoyment of
economic rights by women is sometimes referred to as
“economic” violence. This is recognized as a specific form of
violence in the Istanbul Convention, 512 typical forms of which
include:
Forbidding a woman from earning her own money;
Forbidding a woman from leaving the house for the
purposes of employment;
Controlling the household’s finances; and
Forbidding the woman from making financial decisions
independently.
Stalking
Like domestic violence, stalking is a “course of conduct” crime.
Stalking is defined in the Istanbul Convention as “the
intentional conduct of repeatedly engaging in threatening
conduct directed at another person, causing her or him to fear
for her or his safety”. The Istanbul Convention obliges States
parties to make stalking a criminal offence. 513
The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights survey identified a
number of methods of stalking:
Sending offensive emails or texts;
Sending offensive letters or cards;
Making offensive, threatening or silent telephone calls;
512
European Agency for Fundamental Rights Report, above note 508,
page 75. See also Istanbul Convention, above note 509, Article 3(a).
513
Istanbul Convention, above note 509, Article 34.