UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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Ancient Civilizations of Africa occur in various Syrian and Palestinian sites such as Ras Shamra, Qatna and JVlegisso, as can be seen from statues, sphinxes and decorative patterns. The exchange of gifts helped in expanding the cultural and commercial relations. It should be stated that it was the Egyptian artistic influence that affected Syrian local art and this was a direct result of the contacts between Egypt and the Levant. In Mittani, in the north-east of Syria, Egyptian artistic elements can also be observed. For example, the Egyptian goddess Hathor is represented in mural paintings. It seems that Egyptian artistic influence spread from Syria to neighbouring communities; this is indicated by the number of ivory handles and plaques of Egyptian motifs in the decoration of some bronze bowls and especially in attempts to imitate Egyptian dress, the winged scarabs and the falcon-headed sphinxes. Egyptian artistic influence, which has been observed in Phoenician and Syrian art, is actually combined with local artistic motifs, as well as other foreign elements, both in sculpture in the round and in reliefs. This phenomenon can be observed not only in Syria but also among the Phoenician objects found in Cyprus and Greece, since the Phoenicians played an important cultural and commercial role in the Mediterranean world and carried elements of the Egyptian culture to other areas. Egyptian hieroglyphic writing has been traced in the Semitic scripts of the Levant. This can be observed by comparing some typical Egyptian hieroglyphs, the proto-Sinaitic signs, and the Phoenician alphabet. The proto-Sinaitic elements were influenced by the Egyptian hieroglyphic ideograms, and they simplified these ideograms in a way which may be considered as a step towards alphabetical signs. Proto-Sinaitic writing could be taken as a step towards the Phoenician alphabet and hence towards the European alphabet. This vast Pharaonic legacy, disseminated through the ancient civilizations of the Near East, has in turn transmitted to modern Europe a civilization by way of the classical world. Economic and political contacts between Egypt and the eastern Mediterranean world in historical times resulted in the distribution of objects of the Pharaonic civilization as far as Anatolia and the pre-Hellenic Aegean world. Thus, a cup bearing the name of the solar temple of Userkaf, first Pharaoh of the fifth dynasty, was found on the island of Cythera, while pieces of a gold-plated armchair, carrying Schure's titles, were found at Dorak in Anatolia. Besides these relations between Pharaonic Egypt and the Mediterranean world, there were also the cultural ties which linked Egypt with the African interior. These relations existed during the earliest stages of prehistory as well as in historical times. Egyptian civilization under the Pharaohs permeated the neighbouring African cultures. Comparative studies prove the existence of common cultural elements between black Africa and Egypt, such as the relationship between royalty and natural 176
The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt forces. This is clear from archaeological findings in the former territory of the land of Kush: royal pyramids were built in El-Kurru, Nuri, Gebel Barkal and Meroe. They bear witness to the significance of Egyptian influence in Africa. Unfortunately, our ignorance of the Meroitic language, and of the extent of the Meroitic empire, prevents us from judging the impact it had on the cultures of ancient Africa as a whole to the east, west and south of the Meroitic empire. 177
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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Page 143 and 144: Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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Page 155 and 156: Egypt's relations with the rest of
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Page 173 and 174: The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
Page 175 and 176: The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
Page 177 and 178: The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
Page 179 and 180: The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
Page 181 and 182: The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
Page 183 and 184: The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
Page 185 and 186: The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
Page 187 and 188: The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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Page 191 and 192: The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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Page 203 and 204: Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Page 207 and 208: Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
Page 209 and 210: Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Page 216 and 217: Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Page 224 and 225: Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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Page 228 and 229: Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Page 232 and 233: Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata (—jioo to —
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plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
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FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
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The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
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plate 10.4 Painted blue glassware o
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The civilization of Napata and Mero
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plate i 1.5 Various pieces ofMeroit
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plate i i .7 King Arnekhamani:from
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FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
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The spreading of Christianity in Nu
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x vWM r* if -* plate 12.2 Sandstone
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Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
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Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
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Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Pre-Aksumite culture and is much mo
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Pre-Aksumite culture to light in so
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Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
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Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Pre-Aksumite culture this group con
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Pre-Aksumite culture sanctuaries is
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Pre-Aksumite culture material found
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plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Ga
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The civilization of Aksum from the
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The civilization ofAksum from the f
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plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
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Aksum: political system, economics
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Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
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Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
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Christian Aksutn But probably the A
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The spread of Christianity Christia
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Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Christian Aksum Yeha bear witness t
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Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Christian Aksum this slaughter, Chr
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Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
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Christian Aksum In reading this boo
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plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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The proto-Berbers peopling of the M
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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ai en 3 .Si ¿ .ïï g "S M cn^ Q)
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa as
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Nil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cha
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Exc
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa FIG
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a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
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plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
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plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
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The societies of Africa south of th
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Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa the
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa tha
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Members of the International Scient
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Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
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Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kus
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kah
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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