UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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The civilization of Napata and Meroe small single-chamber structures at both Barkal 63 and Kerma 64 from which the second type might have derived its origin. The earliest examples of this type can be found perhaps below Meroe M 250, possibly dating from Aspelta, and below temple 100 of Musawwarat es-Sufra dating from before -500. 65 The other influence on the plan of the lion temple might have been Egypt. Chapels exist which were built at various periods, either inside other temple enclosures or on the edge of the desert. They were the resting-places for the barque or the statue of the god during various processions. The majority are elaborate and multi-chambered, 66 and even though a feature of the twenty-fifth dynasty at Thebes is the building or addition of various small chapels at Karnak and elsewhere, 67 these do not normally reflect lion temple design. An indigenous origin would therefore seem more likely. In its simplicity it was suitable to areas like the Butana where the lack of skill and materials made an elaborate building such as the Amun temples unlikely, at least in the very early period. Perhaps the simplicity of the temple reflects a simple type of worship as one would expect among nomad communities of the Butana and other regions. Although the two types of temple — Amun and lion temples - suggest at firstglance two kinds of religion, a careful reconsideration shows that in fact there was only one religion in Meroe. For the coexistence of two religions would presuppose either a considerable degree of religious tolerance which can hardly be expected at that time, or fierceconflict and continuous religious wars and this does not appear on any form of record. On the contrary, the pantheon worshipped in the Amun temples seems also to have been worshipped in the lion temples except that certain gods were given more prominence in one temple than in another. The gods are after all a mixture of Egyptian gods such as Amun-Re or the Osirian triad or indigenous local gods such as Apedemak, Mandulis, Sebewyemeker. 68 The differences in the temple plans indicate differences rather in the rituals than in the religion. The rituals connected with coronation ceremonies needed an Amun-temple type to accommodate processions and festivities. This form of religious practice made it possible to incorporate various local gods and beliefs without conflict and hence helped to give coherence for a very long period to a kingdom composed of very diverse elements. 63. G. A. Reisner, 1918, p. 224. 64. G. A. Reisner, 1923a, p. 423. 65. F. and U. Hintze, 1970. 66. A. Badawy, 1968, p. 282. 67. J. Leclant, 1965b, p. 18. 68. J. Leclant, 1970b, pp. 141-53. 321
plate i i.i Pyramid of King Natekamani at Meroe with ruins of chapel and pylon in foreground plate i 1.2 Naqa Granite ram at I plate i 1.4 Gold jewellery of Queen Amanishekhete ( to 12) plate 1 1.3 Sandstone plaque showing Prince Arikhankerer slaying his enemies (possibly second century of our era) I 322
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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Egypt under Roman domination victor
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Egypt under Roman domination In thi
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Egypt under Roman domination well v
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Egypt under Roman domination instal
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a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Page 294 and 295: plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
Page 296 and 297: plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
Page 298 and 299: FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
Page 300 and 301: The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
Page 314 and 315: The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
Page 316 and 317: plate 10.4 Painted blue glassware o
Page 318 and 319: The civilization of Napata and Mero
Page 342 and 343: plate i 1.5 Various pieces ofMeroit
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Page 346 and 347: FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
Page 349 and 350: The spreading of Christianity in Nu
Page 360 and 361: x vWM r* if -* plate 12.2 Sandstone
Page 362 and 363: Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
Page 364 and 365: Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
Page 366 and 367: Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Page 372 and 373: Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
Page 374 and 375: Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Page 378 and 379: Pre-Aksumite culture sanctuaries is
Page 380 and 381: Pre-Aksumite culture material found
Page 382 and 383: plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Ga
Page 384 and 385: The civilization of Aksum from the
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The civilization of Aksum from the
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The civilization ofAksum from the f
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plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
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Aksum: political system, economics
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Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
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Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
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Christian Aksutn But probably the A
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The spread of Christianity Christia
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Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Christian Aksum Yeha bear witness t
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Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Christian Aksum this slaughter, Chr
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Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
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Christian Aksum In reading this boo
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plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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The proto-Berbers peopling of the M
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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^ .«s S 473
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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ai en 3 .Si ¿ .ïï g "S M cn^ Q)
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa for
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa mil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa as
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Nil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa the
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f^\ < J\ ¿tí \ LJ C-«-3 } r / *
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cha
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
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plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
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plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
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The societies of Africa south of th
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Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa tha
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Members of the International Scient
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Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
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Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kus
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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