UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Galamo plate 13.4 Bronze bull, Makabere Dyogwre r* 1 plate 13.5 Bronze identification marks of Yeha: a) a bird b) a lion c) a bouquetin i&JM » s 361
The civilization of Aksum from the first to the seventh century F. ANFRAY According to primary sources, the history of the kingdom of Aksum extends from the firstcentury of our era over almost a thousand years. It includes two armed incursions into south Arabia in the third, fourth and sixth centuries, an expedition to Meroe in the fourth century, and, during the first half of that same century, the introduction of Christianity. A score of kings, most of them known only from their coinage, succeeded one another on the Aksum throne. The names of Ezana and Kaleb are particularly illustrious. Those of other monarchs have been handed down by tradition, though here tradition is unfortunately very unreliable. The earliest king actually recorded is Zoscales, mentioned in a Greek text belonging to the end of the firstcentury, but it is still an open question whether he is the same as the Za-Hakalé who occurs in the traditional lists of monarchs. Our knowledge of Aksumite civilization comes from various sources, from authors of antiquity, such as Pliny, who mentions Adulis, to Arab chroniclers such as Ibn Hischa, Ibn Hischam and Ibn Hawkal. But these texts are mostly somewhat vague, and the greater part of our evidence comes from local epigraphy and the gradually increasing amount of archaeological material. Inscriptions, which are few, began to be collected in the nineteenth century. Among the most important are texts by Ezana, engraved in stone. The discovery of other inscriptions by Ezana, by Kaleb, and by one of the latter's sons (Waazelia), in Greek, Ge'ez and pseudo-Sabaean, yielded all kinds of information, added to in the last twenty years by other evidence of a similar kind, including cave inscriptions and texts on sheets of schist found in Eritrea. These date from the second century, and are the earliest writings of the Aksumite period. But archaeological observation and excavations are undoubtedly the major source of evidence on Aksumite civilization. In the nineteenth century, travellers began to record the existence of sites, buildings and inscriptions. Various studies were published, some of them of the greatest interest, as for example the amply documented work produced by the German mission to Aksum in 1906. The Ethiopian Institute of Archaeology
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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Egypt under Roman domination victor
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Egypt under Roman domination In thi
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Egypt under Roman domination well v
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Egypt under Roman domination instal
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a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata (—jioo to —
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plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
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FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
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The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
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plate 10.4 Painted blue glassware o
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The civilization of Napata and Mero
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Page 332 and 333: The civilization of Napata and Mero
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Page 346 and 347: FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
Page 349 and 350: The spreading of Christianity in Nu
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Page 362 and 363: Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
Page 364 and 365: Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
Page 366 and 367: Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Page 372 and 373: Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
Page 374 and 375: Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Page 378 and 379: Pre-Aksumite culture sanctuaries is
Page 380 and 381: Pre-Aksumite culture material found
Page 384 and 385: The civilization of Aksum from the
Page 392 and 393: The civilization ofAksum from the f
Page 400 and 401: plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
Page 402 and 403: Aksum: political system, economics
Page 422 and 423: Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
Page 424 and 425: Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
Page 426 and 427: Christian Aksutn But probably the A
Page 428 and 429: The spread of Christianity Christia
Page 430 and 431: Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Christian Aksum Yeha bear witness t
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Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Christian Aksum this slaughter, Chr
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Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
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Christian Aksum In reading this boo
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plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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The proto-Berbers peopling of the M
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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ai en 3 .Si ¿ .ïï g "S M cn^ Q)
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa for
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa mil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa as
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa is
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Nil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa the
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f^\ < J\ ¿tí \ LJ C-«-3 } r / *
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cha
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa pro
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
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plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
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plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
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The societies of Africa south of th
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Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa tha
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Members of the International Scient
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Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
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Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kus
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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