UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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The civilization of Aksum from the first to the seventh century century. The pilot Hippalus showed how sailors could make use of the winds to the best advantage, and this undoubtedly gave an impetus to sea traffic. Strabo records that 'every year, in the time of Augustus, a hundred and twenty ships set out from Myos Hormos'. Commercial connections multiplied. Ships brought cargoes, and made it possible to trade with India and the Mediterranean world. Adulis was the meeting-point for maritime trade, as it was - and this is the second factor - for inland trade. In the interior, a traffic was growing in a very valuable commodity: ivory. In fact, Pliny and the author of the Periplus place it first on the list of exports from Adulis. Aksum was the great collecting-centre for ivory from various regions. It was an article which was indispensable to the luxury-loving Romans. In the age of the Ptolemies the Ethiopian elephant was already highly prized. Armies used it as a sort of tank. Later it was hunted for its tusks. Whenever the authors of antiquity talk of Adulis, Aksum or Ethiopia (East Africa), they always give prominence to elephants and their ivory. They mention other goods - hippopotamus hides, rhinoceros horn, tortoise-shell, gold, slaves, spices - but they take a special interest in elephants. According to the Periplus, elephants lived inland, like the rhinoceros, but sometimes they were hunted 'on the shore itself, near Adulis'. In the reign of Justinian, Nonnosus visited Aksum and on the way saw a herd of 5000 elephants. Cosmas notes that there is 'a multitude of elephants with large tusks; from Ethiopia these tusks are sent by boat to India, Persia, the land of the Himyarites, and Romania' {Christian Topography, XI, 33). In 1962, the mission from the Ethiopian Institute of Archaeology found an elephant's tusk in the Aksumite ruins at Adulis, and in 1967, they discovered pieces of a terracotta figurine of an elephant in the walls of the castle at Dongour. The African roots The civilization of Aksum developed in the firstcenturies of our era, but its roots lie deep in prehistory. It was foreshadowed in the culture of the last five centuries before our era. Archaeology is attempting to define its characteristic features, but only a few aspects of the subject have been investigated so far, and the cataloguing of the data of antiquity is by no means complete. The main task ahead is to determine what comes from external influences and what is really indigenous: like other civilizations, that of Aksum is the result of an evolutionary process aided by geographic conditions and historical circumstances. The indigenous contribution is naturally of great importance, for there can be no doubt that Aksumite civilization is, above all, the product of a people whose ethnic identity is progressively emerging from the study of its inscriptions, language and traditions. Archaeology is gradually revealing the unique character of Aksum's material achievements. Much remains to be done, and future 377
Ancient Civilizations of Africa research will concentrate on interpreting the significance of the evidence dug out of the soil. But already we know that the civilization of Aksum owes its particular qualities to its African roots. 378
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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Egypt under Roman domination victor
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Egypt under Roman domination In thi
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Egypt under Roman domination well v
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Egypt under Roman domination instal
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a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata (—jioo to —
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plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
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FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
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The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
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plate 10.4 Painted blue glassware o
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The civilization of Napata and Mero
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plate i 1.5 Various pieces ofMeroit
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plate i i .7 King Arnekhamani:from
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FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
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Page 362 and 363: Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
Page 364 and 365: Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
Page 366 and 367: Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Page 372 and 373: Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
Page 374 and 375: Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Page 382 and 383: plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Ga
Page 384 and 385: The civilization of Aksum from the
Page 392 and 393: The civilization ofAksum from the f
Page 400 and 401: plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
Page 402 and 403: Aksum: political system, economics
Page 422 and 423: Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
Page 424 and 425: Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
Page 426 and 427: Christian Aksutn But probably the A
Page 428 and 429: The spread of Christianity Christia
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Page 438 and 439: Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
Page 440 and 441: Christian Aksum In reading this boo
Page 442 and 443: plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
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plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
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plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
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The societies of Africa south of th
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Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Members of the International Scient
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Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
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Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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