UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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Pre-Aksumite culture They merely tell us that, in the middle of the third century before our era, Ptolemy II founded Philadelphus, the port of Adulis, which was enlarged by his successor Ptolemy III Euergetes, and which Pliny, around +75, said he considered one of the most important ports of call on the Red Sea {maximum hie emporium Troglodytarum, etiam Aethiopum). He also mentions the numerous Asachae tribes who lived by elephant-hunting in the mountains which were a five-day journey away from the sea {Inter montes autem et Nilum Simbarri sunt, Palugges, in ipsis veri montibus asachae multis nationibus; abesse a mari dicuntur diem V itinere: vivunt elephantorum venatu).* The association that is frequently suggested between this ethnic term and the name of Aksum is highly conjectural. The other written sources of the period, particularly the south Arabian texts which have come to light, make no mention whatever, as far as one can judge, of events on the African side of the Red Sea at this period. Apart from legendary accounts, which are not dealt with in this chapter, information must therefore be sought in the series of archaeological discoveries that have been made since the beginning of the twentieth century. They enable us to reconstruct the pre-Aksumite period, which, as we know from the studies of F. Anfray, consists of a south Arabian period and a transitional period. 5 The south Arabian period This is the period when 'South Arabian influence was strong in northern Ethiopia'. The chief sign of this influence is the existence in Eritrea and Tigre of monuments and inscriptions which are akin to those current in south Arabia during the supremacy of the kingdom of Saba. Thanks to the palaeographic and stylistic studies of J. Pirenne, the parallel examples found in south Arabia can be dated from the fifth and fourth centuries before our era. This chronology has been accepted by all the specialists in this field of research. 6 It is generally agreed that the same dates apply to the finds made in Ethiopia, although the hypothesis put forward by C. Conti-Rossini of a time-lag between the two shores of the Red Sea cannot be definitely ruled out; 7 according to F. Anfray, 'there is reason to think that in future it will be necessary to reduce the time-span, and perhaps to advance the dates of the south Arabian period'. The only remaining architectural monument of this period is the temple of Yeha, which was later converted into a Christian church. The temple is built of large blocks, carefully fittedtogether, with bossage and cornerstones, and consists of a rectangular celia about 186 metres by 15 metres resting on an eight-tiered pyramidal base. As J. Pirenne points out, the 4. Pliny; H. de Contenson, i960, pp. 77, 78, Fig. 1. 5. F. Anfray, 1967, pp. 48-50; 1968, pp. 353-6. 6. J. Pirenne, 1955, 1956. 7. C. Conti-Rossini, 1928, pp. 110-11. 343
• # Kaskáse oSenafe Dibd¡b # # MATARA Abba \ - #Y EHA Pantalewon ., o* °Adoua Aksum •HAOUUI.MELAZO. oAdigrat Galamo \ O Town • Archaeological site ^Maqale FIG. 13.2 Ethiopia in the south Arabian period 344
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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Egypt under Roman domination victor
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Egypt under Roman domination In thi
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Egypt under Roman domination well v
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Egypt under Roman domination instal
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a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata (—jioo to —
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plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
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FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
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The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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Page 314 and 315: The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
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Page 318 and 319: The civilization of Napata and Mero
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Page 362 and 363: Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
Page 366 and 367: Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Page 372 and 373: Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
Page 374 and 375: Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Page 384 and 385: The civilization of Aksum from the
Page 392 and 393: The civilization ofAksum from the f
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Page 402 and 403: Aksum: political system, economics
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Aksum: political system, economics
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Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
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Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
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Christian Aksutn But probably the A
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The spread of Christianity Christia
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Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Christian Aksum Yeha bear witness t
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Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Christian Aksum this slaughter, Chr
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Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
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Christian Aksum In reading this boo
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plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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The proto-Berbers peopling of the M
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa for
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Nil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cha
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
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plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
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plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
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The societies of Africa south of th
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Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa tha
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Members of the International Scient
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Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
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Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kus
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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