UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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Ancient Civilizations of Africa CC Corsi di Cultura suit Arte Ravennate e Bizantina, Ravenna 1965 CEA Cahiers d'Études Africaines, Paris, Mouton Chronique a" Egypte Chronique d'Egypte, Fondation Égyptologique de la Reine Elizabeth, Brussels Cimbehasia Cimbebasia, State Museum, Windhoek CM Civilisation Malgache, Tananarive, Université de Madagascar, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines CQ_ Classical Quarterly, London C-RAl Compte-Rendu des Séances de f Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Pairs, Klincksieck C-RCLCS Compte-Rendu des Séances du Groupe Linguistique d'Études Chamito-Sémitiques, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Sorbonne, Paris C-RSB Compt-Rendu Sommaire des Séances de la Société de Biogêographie, Paris CSA Cahiers de la Société Asiatique, Paris CSSH Comparative Studies in Society and History, The Hague CTL Current Trends in Linguistics, The Hague DAE Deutsche Axum Expedition, Berlin EAGR East African Geographical Review, Kampala EEFEM Egypt Exploration Fund Memoirs, London, Trübner & Co. EHR Economic History Review, London, New York, CUP Encyclopédie berbère Encyclopédie berbère. Laboratoire d'Anthropologie et de Préhistoire des Pays de la Méditerranée occidentale, Aix-en-Provence Gazette des Beaux Arts Gazette des Beaux Arts, Paris : GJ The Geographical Journal, London GNQ Ghana Notes and Queries, Legón HAS Harvard African Studies, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press HBZAK Hamburger Beiträger zur Afrika-Kunde, Deutsches Institut für Afrika Forschung, Hamburg Hesperis Hesperis, Institut des Hautes Études Marocaines, Rabat Homo Homo, University of Toulouse HZ Historische Zeitschrift, Munich IJAHS International Journal of African Historical Studies, New York (formerly AHS) JA Journal Asiatique, Paris J AH Journal of African History, London, New York, CUP JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society, New Haven, Conn. JASA Journal of African Science Association, Paris JARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Boston, Mass. JCH Journal of Classical History, London JE A The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, London JHSN Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, Ibadan JGS Journal of Glass Studies, Corning, NY JRAI Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, London JRS Journal of Roman Studies, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, London JS Le Journal des Savants, Paris JSA Journal de la Société des Africanistes, Paris JSAIMM Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg JTG Journal of Tropical Geography, Singapore Karthago Karthago, Revue d'Archéologie africaine, Tunisia Kush Kush, Journal of the Sudan Antiquities Services, Khartoum LAAA Liverpool Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology, Liverpool Lammergeyer Lammergeyer, Journal of the National Parks Game and Fish Preservation Board, Pietermaritzburg Latomus Latomus, Brussels . Libyca Libyca, Bulletin of the Service d'Antiquités of Algeria, Direction de l'Intérieur et des Beaux Arts, Algiers MADP Malawi Antiquities Department Publications, Zomba M A G W Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien MAI Mitteilungen des deutsches Archäologischen Instituts, Wiesbaden, Harvasowitz Man Man, New York Mém. CRAPE Mémoires du Centre de Recherches Anthropologiques, Préhistoriques et Ethnographiques, Institut Français des Sciences Humaines en Algérie MEJ Middle East Journal, Washington, DC MIOD Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung Deutsche, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 744
Bibliography M N Meroitic Newsletter Le Muséon Le Muséon, Revue d'Etudes Orientales, Louvain NA Notes Africaines, Bulletin d'Information de l'IFAN, Dakar (See BIFAN above) NADA The Rhodesian Native Affairs Department Annual, Salisbury NAS Nigerian Archaeology Seminar, 3-5 July 1974 Nature Nature, London NKJ Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek, Bussum, Van Dishoek Numismatic Chronicle Numismatic Chronicle, Numismatic Society, London OA Opuscula Atheniensia, Lund Objets et Mondes Objets et Mondes, Musée de l'Homme, Paris OCA Orientalia Christiana Analecta, Rome Odù Odii, Journal of Yoruba and Related Studies, Western Region Literature Committee, Nigeria OL Oceanic Linguistics, Department of Anthropology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois OPNM Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia, Bulawayo Optima Optima, Johannesburg Oriens Antiquus Oriens Antiquus, Centro per le Antichità e la Storia dell' Arte del Vicino Oriente, Rome Orientalia Orientalia, Amsterdam PA Problème de Ägyptologie, Leiden Paideuma Paideuma, Mitteilungen zur Kulturkunde, Frankfurt am Main Plaisirs équestres, Paris Proc. PS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, Cambridge Q_AL Quaderni di Archeologia delta Libia, Rome RA Revue Africaine, Journal des Travaux de la Société Historique Algérienne, Algiers RAC Rivista di Archeologia Cristiana délia Pontificia, Commissione di archeologia sacra, Rome Radiocarbon Radiocarbon, Annual Supplement to the American Journal of Science, New York R. Arch. Revue Archéologique, Paris R. Anth. Revue Anthropologique, Paris RE Revue dÉgyptologie, Paris REA Revue des Études Anciennes, Bordeaux REL Revue des Etudes Latines, Paris RESEE Revue des'études du sud-est européen, Bucharest RFHOM Revue Française d'Historié d'Outre-Mer, Paris RH Revue Historique, Paris Rhodesiana Publication of the Rhodesiana Society, Salisbury RHR Revue de f Histoire des Religions, Annales du Musée Guimet, Paris, Leroux R O M M Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, Aix-en-Provence RRAL Rendiconti délia Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Rome RSE Rassengna di Studi Etiopici, Rome RSO Rivista degli Studi Orientali Scuola Orientale délia università di Roma, Rome RUB Revue de r Université de Bruxelles, Brussels SA Scientific American, New York SAAAS South African Association for the Advancement of Science, Johannesburg SAAB South African Archaeological Bulletin, Cape Town Le Saharien Le Saharien, Revue d'action touristique, culturelle, économique et sportive, Paris, Association de la Rahla et des Amis du Sahara SAJS South African Journal of Science, Johannesburg SAK Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Hamburg, H. Buske Verlag S As Société Asiatique, Paris SASAE Supplément aux Annales du Service des Antiquités d'Egypte, Cairo Sc. South Africa Science South Africa SJA Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Albuquerque, New Mexico SLS Society for Libyan Studies SM Studi magrebini, Naples, Istituto Universitario Orientale SNR Sudan Notes and Records, Khartoum Syria Syria, Revue d'art oriental et d'archéologie, Paris TJH Transafrican Journal of History TNR Tanganyika ( Tanzania) Notes and Records, Dar es Salaam TRSSA Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa Trav. 1RS Travaux de tInstitut de Recherches Sahariennes, University of Algiers, Algiers Ufahamu Ufahamu, Journal of the African Activist Association, Los Angeles 745
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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Egypt under Roman domination victor
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Egypt under Roman domination In thi
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Egypt under Roman domination well v
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Egypt under Roman domination instal
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a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata (—jioo to —
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plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
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FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
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The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
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plate 10.4 Painted blue glassware o
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The civilization of Napata and Mero
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plate i 1.5 Various pieces ofMeroit
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plate i i .7 King Arnekhamani:from
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FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
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The spreading of Christianity in Nu
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x vWM r* if -* plate 12.2 Sandstone
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Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
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Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
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Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Pre-Aksumite culture and is much mo
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Pre-Aksumite culture to light in so
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Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
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Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Pre-Aksumite culture this group con
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Pre-Aksumite culture sanctuaries is
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Pre-Aksumite culture material found
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plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Ga
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The civilization of Aksum from the
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The civilization ofAksum from the f
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plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
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Aksum: political system, economics
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Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
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Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
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Christian Aksutn But probably the A
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The spread of Christianity Christia
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Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Christian Aksum Yeha bear witness t
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Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Christian Aksum this slaughter, Chr
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Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
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Christian Aksum In reading this boo
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plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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The proto-Berbers peopling of the M
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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^ .«s S 473
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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ai en 3 .Si ¿ .ïï g "S M cn^ Q)
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa for
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa mil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa as
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa is
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa ore
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Nil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa the
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f^\ < J\ ¿tí \ LJ C-«-3 } r / *
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cha
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Ear
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa pro
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa is
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa sit
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa com
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa In
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa bur
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Exc
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa ind
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa But
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa mos
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Mor
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Exc
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Rec
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa sur
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa sig
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa FIG
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Whi
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Ms,
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cou
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa fig
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa APP
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa rem
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa clo
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672
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa dis
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa fro
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa It
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Bul
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa in
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Ancient Civilisations of Africa in
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa whe
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Cop
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa occ
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa rec
Page 734 and 735: Ancient Civilizations of Africa J\C
Page 736 and 737: Ancient Civilizations of Africa FIG
Page 738 and 739: Ancient Civilizations of Africa how
Page 740 and 741: Ancient Civilizations of Africa and
Page 742 and 743: Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
Page 744 and 745: Ancient Civilizations of Africa at
Page 746 and 747: Ancient Civilizations of Africa sou
Page 748 and 749: Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
Page 750 and 751: Ancient Civilizations of Africa col
Page 752 and 753: a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
Page 754 and 755: plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
Page 756 and 757: plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
Page 758 and 759: The societies of Africa south of th
Page 760 and 761: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Akj
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Page 764 and 765: Ancient Civilizations of Africa fea
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Page 768 and 769: Ancient Civilizations of Africa whe
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Page 772 and 773: Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
Page 774 and 775: Ancient Civilizations of Africa the
Page 776 and 777: Ancient Civilizations of Africa tha
Page 778 and 779: Members of the International Scient
Page 780 and 781: Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
Page 782 and 783: Bibliography The publishers wish to
Page 786 and 787: Ancient Civilizations of Africa UJ
Page 788 and 789: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Car
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Page 794 and 795: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Con
Page 796 and 797: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Deg
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Page 802 and 803: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Goy
Page 804 and 805: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Heu
Page 806 and 807: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Jen
Page 808 and 809: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Lan
Page 810 and 811: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Mac
Page 812 and 813: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Mic
Page 814 and 815: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Oli
Page 816 and 817: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Por
Page 818 and 819: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Res
Page 820 and 821: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Sch
Page 822 and 823: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Ste
Page 824 and 825: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Vin
Page 826 and 827: Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
Page 828 and 829: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kus
Page 830 and 831: Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
Page 832 and 833: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Hek
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Str
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Car
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kah
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Pha
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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