UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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Members of the International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa The dates cited below refer to dates of membership. Professor J. F. A. Ajayi (Nigeria), from 1971 Editor Volume VI Professor F. A. Albuquerque Mourao (Brazil), from 1975 Professor A. A. Boahen (Ghana), from 1971 Editor Volume VII H. E. Boubou Hama (Niger), 1971-8 H. E. M. Bull (Zambia), from 1971 Professor D. Chanaiwa (Zimbabwe), from 1975 Professor P. D. Curtin (USA), from 1975 Professor J. Dévisse (France), from 1971 Professor M. Difuila (Angola), from 1978 Professor H. Djait (Tunisia), from 1975 Professor Cheikh Anta Diop (Senegal), from 1971 Professor J. D. Fage (UK), from 1971 H. E. M. El Fasi (Morocco), from 1971 Editor Volume III Professor J. L. Franco (Cuba), from 1971 Mr M. H. I. Galaal (Somalia), from 1971 Professor Dr V. L. Grottanelli (Italy), from 1971 Professor E. Haberland (Federal Republic of Germany), from 1971 Dr Aklilu Habte (Ethiopia), from 1971 H. E. A. Hampate Ba (Mali), 1971-8 Dr I. S. El-Hareir (Libya), from 1978 Dr I. Hrbek (Czechoslovakia), from 1971 Dr A. Jones (Liberia), from 1971 Abbé A. Kagame (Rwanda), from 1971 Professor I. M. Kimanbo (Tanzania), from 1971 Professor J. Ki-Zerbo (Upper Volta), from 1971 Editor Volume I M. D. Laya (Niger), from 1979 Dr A. Letnev (USSR), from 1971 Dr G. Mokhtar (Egypt), from 1971 Editor Volume II Professor P. Mutibwa (Uganda), from 1975 Professor D. T. Niane (Senegal), from 1971 Editor Volume IV Professor L. D. Ngcongco (Botswana), from 1971
Members of the International Scientific Committee Professor T. Obenga (People's Republic of the Congo), from 1975 Professor B. A. Ogot (Kenya), from 1971 Editor Volume V Professor C. Ravoajanahary (Madagascar), from 1971 Mr W . Rodney (Guyana), from 1979, deceased Professor M . Shibeika (Sudan), from 1971, deceased Professor Y. A. Talib (Singapore), from 1975 Professor A. Teixeira da Mota (Portugal), from 1978 Mgr T. Tshibangu (Zaïre), from 1971 Professor J. Vansina (Belgium), from 1971 Rt Hon. Dr E. Williams (Trinidad and Tobago), 1976-8 Professor A. A. Mazrui (Kenya) Editor Volume VIII, not a member of the Committee Secretariat of the International Scientific Committee Mr Maurice Glélé, Division of Cultural Studies, Unesco, 1 rue Miollis, 75015 Paris 739
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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Egypt under Roman domination victor
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Egypt under Roman domination In thi
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Egypt under Roman domination well v
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Egypt under Roman domination instal
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a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata (—jioo to —
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plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
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FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
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The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
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plate 10.4 Painted blue glassware o
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The civilization of Napata and Mero
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plate i 1.5 Various pieces ofMeroit
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plate i i .7 King Arnekhamani:from
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FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
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The spreading of Christianity in Nu
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x vWM r* if -* plate 12.2 Sandstone
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Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
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Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
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Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Pre-Aksumite culture and is much mo
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Pre-Aksumite culture to light in so
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Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
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Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Pre-Aksumite culture this group con
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Pre-Aksumite culture sanctuaries is
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Pre-Aksumite culture material found
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plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Ga
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The civilization of Aksum from the
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The civilization ofAksum from the f
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plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
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Aksum: political system, economics
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Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
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Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
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Christian Aksutn But probably the A
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The spread of Christianity Christia
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Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Christian Aksum Yeha bear witness t
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Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Christian Aksum this slaughter, Chr
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Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
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Christian Aksum In reading this boo
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plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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The proto-Berbers peopling of the M
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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^ .«s S 473
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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ai en 3 .Si ¿ .ïï g "S M cn^ Q)
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa for
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa mil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa as
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa is
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa ore
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Nil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa the
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f^\ < J\ ¿tí \ LJ C-«-3 } r / *
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cha
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Ear
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa pro
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa is
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa sit
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa com
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa In
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa bur
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Exc
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa ind
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa But
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa mos
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Mor
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Exc
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Rec
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa sur
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa sig
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa FIG
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Whi
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Ms,
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cou
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa fig
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa APP
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa rem
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa clo
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672
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa dis
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa fro
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa It
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Bul
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa in
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Ancient Civilisations of Africa in
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa whe
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Page 736 and 737: Ancient Civilizations of Africa FIG
Page 738 and 739: Ancient Civilizations of Africa how
Page 740 and 741: Ancient Civilizations of Africa and
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Page 744 and 745: Ancient Civilizations of Africa at
Page 746 and 747: Ancient Civilizations of Africa sou
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Page 752 and 753: a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
Page 754 and 755: plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
Page 756 and 757: plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
Page 758 and 759: The societies of Africa south of th
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Page 772 and 773: Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Page 780 and 781: Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
Page 782 and 783: Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Page 786 and 787: Ancient Civilizations of Africa UJ
Page 788 and 789: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Car
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Page 794 and 795: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Con
Page 796 and 797: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Deg
Page 798 and 799: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Du
Page 800 and 801: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Fé
Page 802 and 803: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Goy
Page 804 and 805: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Heu
Page 806 and 807: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Jen
Page 808 and 809: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Lan
Page 810 and 811: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Mac
Page 812 and 813: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Mic
Page 814 and 815: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Oli
Page 816 and 817: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Por
Page 818 and 819: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Res
Page 820 and 821: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Sch
Page 822 and 823: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Ste
Page 824 and 825: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Vin
Page 826 and 827: Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kus
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Hek
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Str
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Car
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kah
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Pha
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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