UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —750) Typical sites of the Kerma culture have been discovered in Nubia only as far north as Mirgissa, 63 indicating that the Second Cataract was the boundary between the Kerma and C-Group cultures. The characteristic features of the Kerma culture were a thin highly polished black-topped red ware that was made on a potter's wheel; animal-shaped vessels and others decorated with animal motifs; special copper daggers, woodwork decorated with patterns of inlaid ivory figures and mica figures and ornaments sewn on leather caps. Although many of the wares discovered at Kerma undoubtedly manifest a native cultural tradition, the influence of Egyptian techniques of craftsmanship and design cannot be overlooked. 64 It has been suggested that a great deal of the material in question was actually manufactured by Egyptian craftsmen, 65 but it could equally be said that it was produced to meet local taste by native craftsmen who had acquired Egyptian techniques. Regarding the religious aspect, the characteristic feature of the Kerma culture is the burial rites. A Kerma grave is marked by a dome-shaped FIG. 9.9 Kerma burial tumulus of earth outlined by a ring of black stones sprinkled over with white pebbles. One of the big tumuli at Kerma Cemetery (K III) consisted of circular brick walls, 90 metres in diameter. 66 Two parallel walls running across the middle of the mound from east to west formed a central corridor which divided the mound into two sections. Other parallel walls ran out at right angles from the two sides of this corridor to the circumference of the circle to the north and south. In the middle of the southern wall of the corridor a doorway opened into a vestibule leading to the 63. J. Vercoutter, 1964, p. 59. 64. B. G. Trigger, 1965, p. 103. 65. A. J. Arkell, 1961, p. 74. 66. G. A. Reisner, 1923a, p. 135. 263
FIG. 9.10 Nubia during the New Kingdom 264
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Page 242 and 243: a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
Page 244 and 245: PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
Page 246 and 247: Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
Page 248 and 249: Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
Page 250 and 251: The importance of Nubia: a link bet
Page 264 and 265: Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Page 276 and 277: FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Page 294 and 295: plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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Page 298 and 299: FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
Page 300 and 301: The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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Page 318 and 319: The civilization of Napata and Mero
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The civilization of Napata and Mero
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plate i 1.5 Various pieces ofMeroit
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plate i i .7 King Arnekhamani:from
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FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
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The spreading of Christianity in Nu
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x vWM r* if -* plate 12.2 Sandstone
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Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
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Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
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Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Pre-Aksumite culture and is much mo
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Pre-Aksumite culture to light in so
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Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
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Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Pre-Aksumite culture this group con
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Pre-Aksumite culture sanctuaries is
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Pre-Aksumite culture material found
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plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Ga
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The civilization of Aksum from the
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The civilization ofAksum from the f
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plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
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Aksum: political system, economics
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Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
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Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
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Christian Aksutn But probably the A
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The spread of Christianity Christia
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Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Christian Aksum Yeha bear witness t
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Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Christian Aksum this slaughter, Chr
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Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
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Christian Aksum In reading this boo
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plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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The proto-Berbers peopling of the M
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cha
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
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plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
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plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
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The societies of Africa south of th
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Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa tha
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Members of the International Scient
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Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
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Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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