UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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Annex to Chapter i: Report of the symposium on 'The Peopling of Ancient Egypt and the Deciphering of the Meroitic Script' 1 Cairo, 28 January-3 February 1974 Summary report 2 The symposium was held in two stages: the firsttook place from 28 to 31 January 1974 and concerned 'The peopling of ancient Egypt', the second dealt with 'The deciphering of the Meroitic script' and took place from 1 to 3 February 1974. The participants were as follows: Professor Abdelgadir M . Abdalla (Sudan) Professor Abu Bakr (Arab Republic of Egypt) Mrs N. Blanc (France) Professor F. Debono (Malta) Professor J. Dévisse (France) Professor Cheikh Anta Diop (Senegal) Professor Ghallab (Arab Republic of Egypt) Professor L. Habachi (Arab Republic of Egypt) Professor R. Holthoer (Finland) Mrs J. Gordon-Jaquet (United States of America) Professor S. Husein (Arab Republic of Egypt) Professor Kaiser (Federal Republic of Germany) Professor J. Leclant (France) Professor G. Mokhtar (Arab Republic of Egypt) Professor R. EI Nadury (Arab Republic of Egypt) Professor Th. Obenga (People's Republic of the Congo) Professor S. Sauneron (France) Professor T. Säve-Söderbergh (Sweden) Professor P. L. Shinnie (Canada) Professor J. Vercoutter (France) Professor Hintze (German Democratic Republic), Professor Knorossov, Professor Piotrovski (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and Professor Ki-Zerbo (Upper Volta) were invited to the symposium but were unable to attend and sent their apologies. In accordance with the decisions of the International Scientific Committee, Professor J. Dévisse, the Committee's Rapporteur, was present and prepared the finalreport of the symposium. Unesco was represented by Mr Maurice Glélé, programme specialist, Division of Cultural Studies, representing the Director-General, and Mrs Monique Melcer, Division of Cultural Studies. 1. This annex should have been inserted as an Annex to the whole volume and placed after the Conclusion. 2. The present report is an abridged version of the finalreport of the symposium. It was prepared by the International Scientific Committee's Rapporteur at the request of the Committee, for insertion in this volume. The Proceedings of the Symposium have been published in the series The General History of Africa - Studies and Documents No. 1, Unesco, Paris, 1978.
I Symposium on the peopling of ancient Egypt Annex to Chapter i Two papers previously commissioned by Unesco from Professor J. Vercoutter and Mrs N. Blanc 2 provided a basis for discussion. Three important stages may be distinguished in the discussion. A Summary of the introductory papers. B Preliminary statements made by most of the participants. C General discussion. A Summary of the introductory papers (i) Professor Vercoutter drew attention to a number of points dealt with in greater detail in his written report, and made a number of further observations. (a) In spite of recent progress, physical anthropology had so far provided relatively little reliable data except in Nubia. The information available was insufficient to enable provisional conclusions to be drawn with regard to the peopling of ancient Egypt and the successive phases through which it may have passed. Furthermore, this information was not homogeneous as regarded either time or space and historians often disagreed as to how it should be interpreted. The methods themselves were being called in question; but it was now generally agreed that craniometry did not meet the requirements of such research. A number of regions had still not been studied in any depth. This applied to the entire Delta during the predynastic and protodynastic periods, and to Upper Egypt prior to Neolithic times. Little was known of the area between the Second and Sixth Cataracts in Neolithic and protodynastic times. Similarly, the links existing in ancient times between the Sahara, Darfur and the Nile had as yet been very little studied. In that respect, the work that had been done lagged behind what had been achieved in North Africa and in the Syria-Palestine zone. Evidence at present available did not warrant the assertion that the populations of northern Egypt had been different from those in the south. Similarly, the gap between Palaeolithic and Neolithic was probably due to the fact that insufficient research had yet been done in that field. (b) Insufficient and unsatisfactory use had been made of iconography; the studies which had been carried out were based mainly on cultural criteria. The iconographie material available, however, has extremely significant characteristics from the the eighteenth dynasty onwards. (c) Outline of the two opposing theories in their most extreme form: (i) The people who lived in ancient Egypt were 'white', even though their pigmentation was dark, or even black, as early as the predynastic period. Negroes made their appearance only from the eighteenth dynasty onwards. From the protodynastic period onwards, according to some, the population remained the same; others believed that foreign penetration into Africa profoundly altered the conditions of cultural life, (ii) Ancient Egypt was peopled, 'from its Neolithic infancy to the end of the native dynasties', by black Africans. (2) Mrs Blanc reported on her research findings. (a) Mindful of the fact that, for reasons which were themselves historical, the historiography of the valleys of the Nile had been based on the assumption 2. These documents are attached to the Final Report, 1974. 59
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Page 28 and 29: Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Page 32 and 33: Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Page 36 and 37: Introduction arms, the river itself
Page 38 and 39: Introduction religious purposes or
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Page 43 and 44: plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
Page 45 and 46: Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Page 63 and 64: PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
Page 65 and 66: Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Page 71 and 72: plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
Page 73 and 74: plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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Page 81 and 82: Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
Page 83 and 84: Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
Page 85 and 86: Annex to Chapter i None of the part
Page 87 and 88: Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
Page 89 and 90: Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Page 97 and 98: Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
Page 99 and 100: Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
Page 101 and 102: FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
Page 103 and 104: Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
Page 105 and 106: NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
Page 107 and 108: Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
Page 109 and 110: Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
Page 111 and 112: Pharaonic Egypt There were several
Page 113 and 114: Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
Page 115 and 116: Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
Page 117 and 118: Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
Page 119 and 120: Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
Page 121 and 122: Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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Egypt under Roman domination victor
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Egypt under Roman domination In thi
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Egypt under Roman domination well v
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Egypt under Roman domination instal
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a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata (—jioo to —
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plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
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FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
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The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
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plate 10.4 Painted blue glassware o
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The civilization of Napata and Mero
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plate i 1.5 Various pieces ofMeroit
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plate i i .7 King Arnekhamani:from
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FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
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The spreading of Christianity in Nu
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x vWM r* if -* plate 12.2 Sandstone
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Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
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Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
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Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Pre-Aksumite culture and is much mo
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Pre-Aksumite culture to light in so
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Pre-Aksumite culture Gobochela repr
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Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Pre-Aksumite culture this group con
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Pre-Aksumite culture sanctuaries is
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Pre-Aksumite culture material found
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plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Ga
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The civilization of Aksum from the
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The civilization ofAksum from the f
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plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
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Aksum: political system, economics
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Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
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Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
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Christian Aksutn But probably the A
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The spread of Christianity Christia
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Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Christian Aksum Yeha bear witness t
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Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Christian Aksum this slaughter, Chr
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Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
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Christian Aksum In reading this boo
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plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
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The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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The proto-Berbers peopling of the M
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The proto-Berbers that water was mo
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The proto-Berbers The proto-Berbers
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The proto-Berbers An inscription on
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The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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The proto-Berbers Such tomb furnitu
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The proto-Berbers fresh water, in p
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The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
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The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
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The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period and finally
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The empire of Carthage The Carthagi
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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ai en 3 .Si ¿ .ïï g "S M cn^ Q)
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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f^\ < J\ ¿tí \ LJ C-«-3 } r / *
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
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plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
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plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
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The societies of Africa south of th
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Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa tha
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Members of the International Scient
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Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
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Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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