UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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Aksum: political system, economics and culture, first to fourth century and that of Brahmi or Karaoshti, as well as some common details such as similar signs used for 'u' and 'short'. 70 The hypothesis of Indian influence on the reformers of the old consonant Ethiopie alphabet seems to be quite probable. The hypothetical Greek influence on the creation of the Ethiopie alphabet has not been proved, although the Greek origin of the system and the main signs of Ethiopie figures, as they first appeared in Ezana's inscriptions, is certain. The vocalized Ethiopie alphabet so closely reproduces the phonematic system of Ge'ez that it is inconceivable than any but an Ethiopian could have been its creator. This alphabet, with the addition of some signs, has been in continuous use in Ethiopia till this day and is generally regarded as the outstanding achievement of the Aksumite civilization. Soon after its creation, the Ethiopie vocalized script began to influence the scripts of Transcaucasia. D. A. Olderogge suggested that Mesrop Mashtotz used the vocalized Ethiopie script when he invented the Armenian alphabet. Not long before this time (at the end of the fifth century) the Ethiopian script may have been introduced into Armenia by the Syrian bishop Daniel. 71 It was through the mediation of north Syria that Aksum and Armenia had cultural relations at this time. We have some evidence about the Syrians in Aksum and about Syrian influence on Aksumite architecture, 72 particularly in the grand monolithic stelae in the form of multi-storey buildings. Some analogy with south Arabian and Indian architecture of the time can also be seen. During the second and third centuries we may reasonably suggest that Meroitic influence predominated. All the articles of Meroitic handicraft found in Ethiopia belong to this period. A bronze warder with the inscription of Gadara, a king of Aksum, recalls similar warders of the Meroitic kings. 73 Elephants may have been introduced into the Aksumite royal ritual under the influence of India as well as that of Meroe. The Aksumite kingdom was not only an important trading power on the routes from the Roman world to India and from Arabia to north-east Africa, but also a great centre of culture which seeped down these routes. In their turn, many of the ancient civilized countries of north-east Africa and south Arabia determined many features of the Aksumite culture under whose domination they lived. 70. A. Grohmann, 1915, pp. 57-87. 71. D. A. Olderogge, 1972, pp. 195-203. 72. F. Anfray, 1974, pp. 761-5. 73. A. Caquot and A. J. Drewes; J. Doresse, i960. 399
plate 1 5. i Gold money from the reign of King Endybis (third century of our era) PLATE 15.2 Greek inscription from Ezana (fourth century) plate 15.3 Greek Inscription from Wa'Zaba (sixth century) plate 15.4 Gold money from the reign of King Ousanas m 400
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GENERAL HISTORY OF AFRICA Ancient C
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UNESCO International Scientific Com
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Contents List of figures ix List of
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24 West Africa before the seventh c
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List of figures 24.4 The Tichitt re
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List of plates 3.6 Tame pelicans 13
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List of plates 15.3 Inscription fro
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Acknowledgements for plates Polish
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Introduction G. MOKHTAR with the co
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Introduction the documents at their
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Introduction is also wide open to t
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Introduction increasingly threatene
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Introduction used a natural calenda
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Introduction eighteenth to twentiet
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Introduction the very root of the d
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Introduction statues of the Pharaoh
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Introduction know whether a given s
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Introduction arms, the river itself
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Introduction religious purposes or
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Introduction must have been there t
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plate intro. i Onslaught on the Nil
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians CHE
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians the
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians It
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Mel
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians reg
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians of
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sch
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians The
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PRESENT kef i kef ek kef et kefef k
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Egy
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians Con
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Origin of the ancient Egyptians sci
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plate 1.5 Libyan prisoner PLATE 1.6
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plate 1. 12 Cheops, Pharaoh of the
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* JÙ&&&L plate i. i 8 Statue of th
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I Symposium on the peopling of anci
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Annex to Chapter i individuals. Van
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Annex to Chapter i collaboration of
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Annex to Chapter i lexicological an
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Annex to Chapter i None of the part
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Annex to Chapter i up to the predyn
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Annex to Chapter i when the Kushite
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Annex to Chapter i would be used wi
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Annex to Chapter i considerably enl
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Annex to Chapter i stakingly resear
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Annex to Chapter i 1972 and again i
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Annex to Chapter i in the overall p
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FIG. 2.1 The Nile from the Third Ca
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Pharaonic Egypt different somatic g
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NEW KINGDOM 4 • *> — ItS ¡SSÍ
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Pharaonic Egypt were filled by coun
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Pharaonic Egypt written in cursive
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Pharaonic Egypt There were several
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Pharaonic Egypt Old Kingdom ended a
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Pharaonic Egypt certain other gods
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Pharaonic Egypt reflect the existen
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Pharaonic Egypt Joppa by General Dj
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Pharaonic Egypt eventually changed
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Pharaonk Egypt another has not yet
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Pharaonic Egypt Persian period 45 I
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plates 2.4-2.9 Treasures of Tutankh
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plate 2.9 Anubis at the entry to th
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Pharaonic Egypt: society, economy a
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w.%W*£ ^¿ 1-" **^% - plate 3.4 Re
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plate 3.9 Discoveries made by the F
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Egypt's relations with the rest of
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plate 4.1 The tribute of Libyan pri
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt R.-EL
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt This
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt manne
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Egypt
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt and r
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt case
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The legacy ofPhar aortic Egypt Two
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt Papyr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt its p
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The legacy of Pharaortic Egypt an i
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt distr
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The legacy of Pharaonic Egypt force
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4 WTT \ .:- plate 5.3 Discoveries m
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, - j plate 5.7 Town planning: layo
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plate 5.13 Ramses II (fluids techni
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Egypt in the hellenistic era they h
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Part o
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era runs:
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era In the
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era the na
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era exist
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Egypt in the hellenistic era Satyru
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Egypt in the hellenistic era worksh
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era of Cyr
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Egypt in the Hellenistic era own ch
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Î?M plate 6.1 Lighthouse at Alexan
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plate 6.7 A fragment of a bronze ba
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Egypt under Roman domination theref
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Egypt under Roman domination had a
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Egypt under Roman domination Antino
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Egypt under Roman domination victor
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Egypt under Roman domination In thi
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Egypt under Roman domination well v
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Egypt under Roman domination instal
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a) Roman baths and hypocaust b) Rom
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PLATE 7.7 Baouit painting plate 7.8
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Mediterranean Sea i i i 500 km CENT
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Egypt FärasBÜheri^Wadi Haifa jebe
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The importance of Nubia: a link bet
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Nubia before Napata (-3100 to -750)
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Nubia before Napata ( to éÉÊÊ^
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Nubia before Napata ( to 750) fig.
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Nubia before Napata ( — JIOO to
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Nubia before Napata ( jioo to 750)
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Nubia before Napata (—3100 to —
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FIG. 9.7 Nubia, 1580 before our era
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Nubia before Napata ( — j/oo to
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Nubia befare Napata ( — jioo to
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Kerma culture Nubia before Napata (
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata ( — 3100 to
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Nubia before Napata (—jioo to —
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plate 9.1 A selection of Kerma pott
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plate 9.8 Kerma pottery plate 9.9 T
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FIG. io. i Meroitk sites
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The empire of Kush: Napata and Mero
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The empire o/Kusft: Napata and Mero
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plate 10.4 Painted blue glassware o
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The civilization of Napata and Mero
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plate i 1.5 Various pieces ofMeroit
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plate i i .7 King Arnekhamani:from
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FIG. 12. i The Nile from the First
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The spreading of Christianity in Nu
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x vWM r* if -* plate 12.2 Sandstone
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Pre-Aksumite culture H. DE CONTENSO
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Pre-Aksumite culture They merely te
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Pre-Aksumite culture façades, whic
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Pre-Aksumite culture and is much mo
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Page 374 and 375: Pre-Aksumite culture The solar cult
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Page 382 and 383: plate 13.3 Incense altar of Addi Ga
Page 384 and 385: The civilization of Aksum from the
Page 392 and 393: The civilization ofAksum from the f
Page 400 and 401: plate 1 4. i Aerial photograph of A
Page 402 and 403: Aksum: political system, economics
Page 422 and 423: Christian Aksum TEKLE TSADIK MEKOUR
Page 424 and 425: Christian Aksum the Jews and that o
Page 426 and 427: Christian Aksutn But probably the A
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Page 430 and 431: Christian Aksum denying that Christ
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Page 434 and 435: Christian Aksum retaliation among t
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Page 438 and 439: Christian Aksum Yet, Ezana boasts o
Page 440 and 441: Christian Aksum In reading this boo
Page 442 and 443: plate 16.1 Paintingfrom the church
Page 444 and 445: The proto-Berbers J. DESANGES The B
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Page 454 and 455: The proto-Berbers The origins of th
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Page 460 and 461: The proto-Berbers Poseidon, while t
Page 462 and 463: The Carthaginian period B. H. WARMI
Page 464 and 465: The Carthaginian period The long se
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The Carthaginian period family in t
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Saharan trade The Carthaginian peri
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The Carthaginian period after the R
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The Carthaginian period to Carthage
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The Carthaginian period geopolitica
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The Carthaginian period Syphax's de
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The Carthaginian period of north-ea
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The Carthaginian period kingdoms sa
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The Roman and post-Roman period in
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467
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^ .«s S 473
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57 Timgad = Thamugadi 58 Henchir Gu
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plate 19. i Mosaic from Sousse: Vir
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PLATE 19.7 (left) Djemila (ancient
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PLATE 19.12 Haïdra (Tunisia): Byza
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0 The Sahara in classical antiquity
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KEY i Resseremt, near Akjoujt, Maur
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The Sahara in classical antiquity o
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The Sahara in classical antiquity N
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The Sahara in classical antiquity t
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The Sahara in classical antiquity S
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The Sahara in classical antiquity m
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The Sahara in classical antiquity d
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The Sahara in classical antiquity k
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PLATE 20.2 The tomb of 'Queen Tin H
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21 Introduction to the later prehis
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FIG. 21. i Hypotheses concerning th
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Introduction to the later prehistor
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22 The East African coast and its r
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The East African coast and its role
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ai en 3 .Si ¿ .ïï g "S M cn^ Q)
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa of
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa for
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa mil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa The
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa as
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa is
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Nil
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa the
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f^\ < J\ ¿tí \ LJ C-«-3 } r / *
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa cha
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Central Africa 5 F. VAN NOTEN with
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa wer
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§ e B Aï S1- 626
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a 0 2 4 6 8cm 1 I I « 0 1 2 3cm i
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plate 28.1 Stone pot, Vohemar civil
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plate 28.7 Terraced rice fields nea
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The societies of Africa south of th
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Conclusion G. MOKHTAR In this volum
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa tha
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Members of the International Scient
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Biographies of Authors INTRODUCTION
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Bibliography The publishers wish to
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Subject Index Acheulean period, 67
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Kus
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Index of Persons Abale, 282 Abar, 3
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Index of Ethnonyms Abyssinians, 385
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Ancient Civilizations of Africa Tou
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UNESCO Ancient Civilizations of Africa (Editor G. Mokhtar)

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