ConflictBarometer_2016

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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE AMERICAS IN 2016 (SUBNATIONAL LEVEL) INTENSITY 5 WAR 4 LIMITED WAR 3 VIOLENT CRISIS NO VIOLENT CONFLICT Pro jection: World Compact Miller
THE AMERICAS The overall number of conflicts in the Americas decreased by one to a total of 54. Of those conflicts, 30 were violent crises, while six were highly violent. One conflict ended in 2016, with Peru and Chile settling the dispute over their maritime and land borders [→ Peru - Chile (border)]. The final ruling by the ICJ in 2014 had already set the stage for improved relations. In the first meeting of newly inaugurated Peruvian President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and his Chilean counterpart Michelle Bachelet, both sides expressed their willingness to deepen cooperation and to reinstate several fora for bilateral communication. In Brazil, confrontations between drug trafficking organizations and security forces escalated during the run-up to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games to a limited war, which especially took place in the favelas of Río de Janeiro [→ Brazil (drug trafficking organizations)]. The conflict over land reform escalated to a violent crisis as Military Police and members of the Landless Workers' Movement (MST) as well as the Homeless Workers' Movement (MTST) clashed several times [→ Brazil (MST/MTST)]. The interstate conflict between Guatemala and Belize over more than half of the Belizean territory escalated to a violent crisis. After a Guatemalan minor had been shot dead on Belizean territory close to the border in April, Guatemala deployed 3,000 troops to the border region. In Colombia, the conflict between Cumbre Agraria, an umbrella organization uniting several civil society groups, and the government escalated to a violent crisis, when Cumbre Agraria staged a national strike [→ Colombia (Cumbre Agraria)]. America's only war involved drug cartels, vigilante groups, and the Mexican government [→ Mexico (drug cartels)]. Drug cartels further militarized, with Los Caballeros Templarios shooting down a government helicopter in September. 2016 marked the tenth anniversary of former Mexican President Felipe Calderón's decision to deploy armed forces domestically to fight the drug cartels. On December 8, Defence Minister Salvador Cienfuegos voiced support for the withdrawal of the military to its constitutionally assigned role. In the limited war concerning cartel infighting, drug cartels increasingly tried to challenge the Sinaloa cartel after the arrest of its leader Joaquín ''El Chapo” Guzmán Loera in January [→ Mexico (inter-cartel violence, paramilitary groups)]. By the end of 2016, an estimated 170,000 people have been killed, while more than USD 80 billion have been spent by the Mexican government in the course of drug-related conflicts. In Central America, the limited war over subnational predominance between the government of El Salvador and the country's largest gangs, the Barrio 18 and the Mara Salvatrucha, remained the most violent conflict in the region [→ El Salvador (Maras)]. Throughout the year, the government expanded its anti-gang efforts by nationwide raids and joint military and police operations. Although the overall number of homicides committed in the country declined from its peak in 2015, confrontations between gang members and security personnel further intensified. In April and December, spokesmen of both gangs expressed their willingness to resume negotiations with the government, but President Sanchez Cerén rejected any option of cooperation. The fight against gang criminality, organized crime, and drug trafficking in the federal departments of Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador as well as in their border regions, also led to increased cross-border cooperation in 2016 [→ El Salvador (Maras); Honduras (drug trafficking organizations, organized crime); Guatemala (drug cartels)]. A first joint military operation of the Northern Triangle countries was launched in mid-November in the Honduran border department of Ocotepeque. In Colombia, the conflict between the FARC and the government de-escalated as both parties worked towards a peaceful conflict resolution. The first peace agreement, signed on September 26, was rejected by a plebiscite, while the revised agreement was approved by the Congress on December 1. President Juan Manuel Santos was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to resolve the armed conflict in Colombia. Throughout the year, the bilateral ceasefire was largely upheld and significantly reduced violence between the conflict parties. However, the imminent demobilization of the FARC fueled turf wars between different illegal armed groups over the territory controlled by the FARC [→ Colombia (inter-cartel violence, neo-paramilitary groups, left-wing militants)]. Meanwhile, the conflict between the ELN and the government escalated to a limited war, with the latter increasing airstrikes against ELN camps [→ Colombia (ELN)]. While the conflict parties continued preliminary negotiations, the formal initiation of peace talks failed and was postponed to 2017. Despite the de-escalation of the FARC conflict, the government's Victims' Unit had registered more than 52,000 people newly displaced in 2016, indicating a drop compared to 2015. Worldwide, Colombia remains one of the countries with the highest numbers of internally displaced persons with over 7 million registered cases. All over the Americas, indigenous groups demanded autonomy rights and environmental justice, and confronted the respective governments on policy issues. In Nicaragua, the conflict over the autonomous status of the North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region (RACCN) between the indigenous Miskito and the government continued [→ Nicaragua (indigenous groups)]. As in the previous year, the Miskito and the opposition party YATAMA further accused the government of not sufficiently supporting indigenous rights and not protecting the communities against the assaults of illegal settlers. In 2016, abductions of and violent attacks against Miskito also spread to the southern regions of the country. In Ecuador, protests of the indigenous Shuar community against mining activities in Nankints, Morona Santiago province, led to violent clashes with the police [→ Ecuador (opposition)]. Members of the community accused the government of violating their land rights and damaging the region's ecosystem through mining operations. After Shuar had killed one policeman, the government declared a state of exception and deployed military personnel to the mining zone of Nankints. In Southern Chile, the situation in the heartland of the indigenous Mapuche community remained tense as Mapuche protested against police violence, the application of an anti-terror law, and demanded the devolution of ancestral land [→ Chile (Mapuche / Araucanía)]. Hundreds of cases of arson and land occupations were reported. Demonstrations against environmental pollution and the exploitation of resources continued in several countries in the Americas. In Honduras, protesters against hydroelectric plants accused the government of not protecting them against severe threats and attacks during demonstrations [→ Honduras (opposition)]. In neighboring Nicaragua, demonstrations against the 103
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2016 disputes non-violent crises vi
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CONFLICT BAROMETER I 2016 Analyzed
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AUTHORS AND EDITORIAL BOARD EUROPE
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Since 1991, quantitative conflict r
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Evaluated is the overall number of
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN 2016 (SUBNATIO
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GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT In 2016, the HII
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA DISTRIBUTI
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA INTERSTATE
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA In total,
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NEGOTIATIONS AND TREATIES In 2016,
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION ern
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION 201
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION REG
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Equ
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN EUROPE IN 2016
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EUROPE of a Cypriot reunification i
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EUROPE Name of conflict 1 Conflict
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EUROPE The Azerbaijani army alleged
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EUROPE population of the city Vukov
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EUROPE While GD repeatedly accused
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EUROPE LATVIA (RUSSIAN-SPEAKING MIN
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EUROPE ing the ''gay propaganda”
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EUROPE RUSSIA - UKRAINE (CRIMEA) In
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EUROPE SWEDEN (XENOPHOBES) Intensit
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Page 103: the Americas
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ASIA AND OCEANIA mine against the r
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ASIA AND OCEANIA tillery strike aga
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PAKISTAN (ISLAMIST MILITANT GROUPS)
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ASIA AND OCEANIA PAKISTAN - INDIA I
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ASIA AND OCEANIA sisted by the army
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ASIA AND OCEANIA ers for forced and
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN THE MIDDLE EAS
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB several bom
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Name of con
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AFGHANISTAN (TALIBAN ET AL.) Januar
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB ALGERIA (OP
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB hostages in
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB ning for th
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB weaponry to
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB ernorate, k
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB temporary c
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IMPRINT ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Nadine A
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eidelerg Institute for Internationa
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