ConflictBarometer_2016

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ASIA AND OCEANIA Name of conflict 1 Conflict parties 2 Conflict items Start Change 3 Int. 4 Pakistan (Taliban – tribes)* TTP vs. tribal militias, various tribes system/ideology, subnational predominance Pakistan – India Pakistan vs. India territory, international power, resources Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)* Papua New Guinea (opposition)* Papua New Guinea (socioeconomic protests)* Papua New Guinea (tribal violence) Papua New Guinea (urban tensions)* civil society groups, MDF, Bougainville Hardliners vs. Meekamui Tribal Government, PMALA, MGU vs. ABG, BCL, government opposition vs. government customary landowners vs. government, resource companies vs. Amari vs. Atzera; et al. highlanders vs. lowlanders vs. ethnic Chinese 2001 3 1947 4 autonomy, resources, other 1964 1 system/ideology, national 2011 3 power autonomy, resources 1995 2 subnational predominance, 1975 3 resources subnational predominance 1975 2 Philippines (Abu Sayyaf)* Abu Sayyaf Group vs. government secession, system/ideology 1991 3 Philippines (BIFM, BIFF – BIFM, BIFF vs. MILF, government secession, subnational 2008 4 MILF, government) predominance Philippines (CPP, NPA)* CPP, NPA vs. government system/ideology 1968 3 Philippines (MILF – MNLF)* MNLF vs. MILF subnational predominance 2009 3 Philippines (MILF) MILF vs. Government autonomy, system/ideology, 1977 3 resources Philippines (MNLF)* MNLF vs. government secession, system/ideology, 1969 2 resources Samoa (landowner protests)* customary landowners vs. government autonomy 1946 1 Singapore – Malaysia* Singapore vs. Malaysia territory 1963 1 Sri Lanka (Buddhists, Sinhalese nationalists – Muslims, Christians)* Sinhalese Buddhists, BBS, JHU, JVP vs. Muslims, SLMC, Christians system/ideology 1948 1 Sri Lanka (Northern Province, Eastern Province)* Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan)* Sinhalese Nationalists, JHU, BBS, JVP vs. Tamils, TNA vs. government drug traffickers, Pamiri people vs. government autonomy, system/ideology 2008 3 autonomy, subnational predominance Tajikistan (Islamist groups) various Islamist groups vs. government system/ideology, national power Tajikistan (opposition)* opposition vs. government system/ideology, national power Thailand (Islamist separatists / Southern Border Provinces) 2012 1 1997 3 1997 1 BRN, PULO vs. government secession, system/ideology 1902 3 Thailand (opposition)* PTP, UDD vs. PAD vs. RTAF system/ideology, national power Thailand – Cambodia (border)* 2006 1 Thailand vs. Cambodia territory, international power 1954 1 Timor-Leste – Australia* Timor-Leste vs. Australia resources 2002 1 USA – Pakistan* USA vs. Pakistan other 2003 1 Uzbekistan (opposition)* opposition vs. government system/ideology, national 1991 1 power Uzbekistan – Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan vs. Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan international power, resources 2010 2 Vietnam (Montagnards)* Montagnards vs. government autonomy, system/ideology 1958 1 Vietnam (socioeconomic protests) factory workers, peasants, other civilians vs. manufacturing companies, government resources, other 1986 3 1234 cf. overview table for Europe 134
ASIA AND OCEANIA BANGLADESH (CHITTAGONG HILL TRACTS) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1971 BANGLADESH (ISLAMIST GROUPS) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1971 Conflict parties: Conflict items: Bengali settlers vs. PCJSS, UDPF, Jummas vs. government autonomy, subnational predominance, resources Conflict parties: Hindus, Christians, Buddhists vs. et al., IS, HuJI-B, HuT, JMB, AAI, ABT vs. government Conflict items: system/ideology, subnational predominance The violent crisis over autonomy, subnational predominance and arable land in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) between indigenous Jumma militant groups, on the one hand, and the government and Bengali settlers, on the other, continued. The Jumma militants, mainly organized in two wings, the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti (PCJSS) and United People's Democratic Front (UDPF), reinforced their demand for the implementation of the 1997 CHT Peace Accord that granted autonomy to the districts Khagrachari, Rangamati and Bandarban in Chittagong division. Throughout the year, they repeatedly clashed with Bengali settlers. On April 15, for instance, two Jummas kidnapped and killed three cattle businessmen. After their dead bodies had been found by police on April 18, Bengali settlers took out for protest and beat up two Jummas in Alikadam, Banderban district. Violence related to the countywide conducted municipal elections erupted also in Chittagong [ → Bangladesh (opposition)]. UDPF, for instance, rejected the election results of Kobakhali Union after voting irregularities, intimidation, blocking of voting centers, and alleged attacks against Jumma people by Bengali settlers and army soldiers on April 23 in Khagrachari district. During the attacks, several Jumma had been injured. In the course of the year, Jumma groups demanded the full implementation of the Peace Accord. On May 8, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina announced to reduce military presence in the region to four brigades. However, this was not implemented by the end of the year. On May 31, an unknown assailant killed the Information and Publicity Secretary of the PCJSS. The police detained a friend of the deceased as a murder suspect. PCJSS, however, alleged that the killing was supported by the ruling Awami League. On August 1, the government approved the draft for the Chittagong Hill Tracts Land Dispute Resolution Commission (Amendment) Act, which obliges the chairman of the commission to make decisions based on the majority vote of members in a meeting. Bengali settlers opposed the amendment, stating that it would evict them from their land. Subsequently, Bengali groups organized general strikes on September 4 and October 12 in all three CHT districts, demanding the withdrawal of the act. In a written statement, Santu Larma, leader of the PCJSS, criticized the government for inhibiting a full implementation of the Peace Accord on December 1, one day before its 19th anniversary. pso The violent crisis over ideology and the orientation of the political system as well as religious predominance between radical Muslims, mainly organized in Islamist groups, the government, and religious minorities, such as Hindus, Buddhists, and Christians, continued on a violent level. Since the so-called Islamic State (IS) had claimed to start operating in Bangladesh in September 2015, the number of attacks against individuals belonging to minority groups increased. In the course of the year, IS claimed responsibility for killing at least 42 people, among them 21 foreigners, eight Hindus, four security forces, three Christians, three Shias, two Buddhists, one Sufi and one professor for his secular remarks in the Divisions Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Rajshahi and Rangpur and Sylhet [→ Syria, Iraq et al. (IS)]. The government and the police, however, continued to deny any activity of international terrorist organisations, such as IS or al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS) in Bangladesh. Instead, it blamed local Islamist groups, like the Jamaat-ul- Mujahideen (JMB) and Hizb ut-Tahrir (HuT) as well as the opposition for the violence [→Bangladesh (opposition)]. Representatives of minority groups and several civil society organizations continued to criticize the attacks against minority members and their religious sites by staging protests throughout the year. For instance, Ansar al-Islam (AAI), an alleged of AQIS claimed responsibility for killing a student who expressed secular opinions in the capital Dhaka, eponymous division, on April 6, and for assassinating a LGBT activist and his friend in the capital on April 25. On July 1, IS claimed to have carried out its so far most fatal attack in Bangladesh. Five assailants, equipped with crude bombs, firearms and a sword stormed a restaurant in Dhaka and took the foreign guests as hostages. In an ensuing gunfight with police, two policemen were killed. Hours later, security forces stormed the cafe. In total, 29 people died, among them 20 hostages, most of them foreigners, five attackers, two policemen, and two café staff members while over 30 were injured. The government denied any involvement of IS and arrested JMB members in relation with the attack instead. In response to the ongoing violence, security forces launched several nationwide operations in the course of which more than 40 militants, mainly of JMB, were killed. On June 10, for instance, police started a nationwide crackdown arresting around 166 suspected militants and around 1,100 others in connection with the recent killings in the course of a week. On July 26, police killed nine and wounded one JMB militant in a gunfight in Kalyanpur, Dhaka. The militants were suspected to plot another major attack. In the course of the year, incidences of attacks on Hindu com- 135
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2016 disputes non-violent crises vi
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CONFLICT BAROMETER I 2016 Analyzed
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AUTHORS AND EDITORIAL BOARD EUROPE
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Since 1991, quantitative conflict r
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Evaluated is the overall number of
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN 2016 (SUBNATIO
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GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT In 2016, the HII
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA DISTRIBUTI
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA INTERSTATE
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GLOBAL CONFLICT PANORAMA In total,
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NEGOTIATIONS AND TREATIES In 2016,
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION ern
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION 201
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION REG
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MEASURES OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION Equ
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN EUROPE IN 2016
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EUROPE of a Cypriot reunification i
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EUROPE Name of conflict 1 Conflict
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EUROPE The Azerbaijani army alleged
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EUROPE population of the city Vukov
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EUROPE While GD repeatedly accused
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EUROPE LATVIA (RUSSIAN-SPEAKING MIN
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EUROPE ing the ''gay propaganda”
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EUROPE RUSSIA - UKRAINE (CRIMEA) In
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EUROPE SWEDEN (XENOPHOBES) Intensit
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UKRAINE (DONBAS) January February M
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EUROPE UKRAINE (OPPOSITION) Intensi
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EUROPE dent, declared that ''Anacon
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VIOLENT CONFLICTS IN SUB-SAHARAN AF
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Democratic Force
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Name of conflict
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA ANGOLA (UNITA) I
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Nevertheless, ex
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA to strengthen Ou
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA thorities. Follo
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA against Mayi-May
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA force, known as
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA GUINEA (OPPOSITI
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA MALI (INTER-MILI
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA in years before,
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SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA of the PDP in Po
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Page 105 and 106: THE AMERICAS The overall number of
Page 107 and 108: Overview: Conflicts in the Americas
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Page 111 and 112: THE AMERICAS Rousseff until a final
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Page 131 and 132: ASIA AND OCEANIA With 123 conflicts
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB Starting Au
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB manufacturi
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB from streng
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB entering th
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB it for anot
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB sanctions o
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MIDDLE EAST AND MAGHREB temporary c
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IMPRINT ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Nadine A
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eidelerg Institute for Internationa
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