ASIA AND OCEANIA Narathiwat, killing three civilians and injuring at least seven. On November 27, approx. 200 people protested in Panare district, Pattani, calling for an end of violence. In the beginning of the year, various human rights groups accused the military of torture and mistreatment. On July 26, a court charged three human rights activist with criminal defamation, following a complaint by the military's Internal Security Operations Command. On October 20, the Thai Academic Network for Civil Rights condemned arbitrary arrests of students from the southern border provinces. ceb UZBEKISTAN – TAJIKISTAN, KYRGYZSTAN Intensity: 2 | Change: | Start: 2010 Conflict parties: Conflict items: Uzbekistan vs. Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan international power, resources The conflict over international power and water resources between Uzbekistan, on the one hand, and Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, on the other, escalated to a non-violent crisis. The conflict revolved around the construction of the controversial Rogun Dam hydropower plant (HPP) on the Vakhsh River in southern Tajikistan, and the Kambarata-1 Dam on the Naryn River in Jalal-Abad province, southwestern Kyrgyzstan. The Tajik and Kyrgyz governments claimed that hydropower projects were essential for their countries to overcome energy shortages, while the Uzbek government raised concerns that dam projects would reduce flows from the two major transnational rivers, threatening its water supply and cotton industry. Furthermore, the contested Uzbek-Kyrgyz border, also prompted tensions between the respective governments, reportedly related to the access to water resources. In January, the Kyrgyz parliament canceled deals with the Russian companies, which were leading the hydropower projects, citing lack of progress. On April 6, Kyrgyzstan Deputy Prime Minister Oleg Pankratov met with representatives of the People's Republic of China's State Power Investment Corporation to discuss building a cascade of four hydropower stations on the Naryn River. On July 1, Tajik officials announced that an Italian company won the USD 3.9 billion contract for the Rogun Dam construction. On July 19, Uzbekistan's Prime Minister Mirziyoyev warned Tajikistan's Prime Minister Rasulzoda that the Rogun Dam could threaten the entire region. Nevertheless, on October 29, Tajikistan officially started the construction of the 335-metre dam. In March, Uzbek and Kyrgyz security forces engaged in a stand-off near the Ungar-Tepa / Unkur-Too mountain, located on the 300 km long disputed part of the Uzbek-Kyrgyz border, about 10 km from the western Kyrgyz town of Kerben, Jalal- Abad Region. On March 18, two Uzbek APCs and some 40 soldiers were deployed to the border crossing near Ungar-Too, establishing border controls on the road linking the Kyrgyz towns of Kerben and Ala Buka. Kyrgyz authorities responded by sending dozens of border guards and special forces to the area. On March 26, after days of talks, Uzbek authorities withdrew their troops from the area, while Kyrgyz forces remained. Reportedly, that deployment was linked to Kyrgyzstan's refusal to allow an Uzbek delegation to visit the Kasan- Sai / Orto-Tokoy water reservoir in Kyrgyz territory, whose 162 water was used to irrigate fields in Uzbekistan. Uzbekistan claimed it should be granted access to the reservoir since it had been built by the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in the Soviet era. On August 13, Kyrgyz forces reportedly arrested several Uzbek police officers near Kasan-Sai. On August 22, Uzbekistan deployed police forces by helicopter to Ungar-Too and detained four Kyrgyz citizens working at a telecommunications tower, claiming they had been on Uzbek territory. After the Kyrgyz and Uzbek governments had held talks, the four Kyrgyz citizens were released on September 8 and the Uzbek forces left Ungar-Too on September 18. Following the Uzbek's military actions, a few hundred Kyrgyz opposition members rallied in Kerben, denouncing the government's policy towards Uzbekistan as weak. This prompted Kyrgyz Prime Minister Temir Sariev to travel to the remote area, demanding the border issue to be solved through talks and negotiations. In November, meetings of working groups for the demarcation of the Uzbek-Kyrgyz border took place [→ Kyrgyzstan – Uzbekistan – Tajikistan (border communities / Fergana Valley)]. fb VIETNAM (SOCIOECONOMIC PROTESTS) Intensity: 3 | Change: | Start: 1986 Conflict parties: Conflict items: factory workers, peasants, other civilians vs. manufacturing companies, government resources, other The conflict over the socioeconomic system and resources, especially over working conditions, corruption, and land grabbing, between peasants, factory workers, activists, and other civilians, on the one hand, and the government and manufacturing companies, on the other, continued as a violent crisis. As in the previous year, protests over land-related issues were most common. On January 12, approx. 100 peasants marched against land confiscations in the capital Hanoi. Around 200 to 300 police officers dispersed protesters and arrested at least 30 people. In another incident on September 20, a court in Hanoi sentenced a peasant from Duong Noi, Ha Dong district, to 20 months in prison, for having participated in a protest at the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Hanoi, against the acquisition of her land on June 10. On July 5, the World Bank approved a $150 million credit to improve land governance in Vietnam, simplifying land registration procedures and information transparency on the sub-national level. Throughout the year, workers engaged in unauthorized strikes against foreign-owned companies in the industrialized South. To improve worker rights, the government enacted Circular 59/2015/TT-BLDTBXH on January 1, which expanded social insurance schemes and increased health-related leave compensation for employees. From February 25 to 26, 17,000 workers of the Taiwanese shoe company Pou Chen in Bien Hoa, Dong Nai Province, went on strike over a new company policy that withheld the year-end bonuses of workers. On June 30, the National Assembly decided to postpone the passage of the updated Penal Code for further revisions. The new code envisioned an enlargement of penalties on employ-
ASIA AND OCEANIA ers for forced and underage labor, as well as the illegal dismissal of workers and pension frauds. On August 2, the 2013- established National Wage Council decided to increase the minimum wage by roughly seven percent. Starting from early April and continuing throughout the rest of the year, thousands of people, among them peasants, fishermen, and environmental activists, repeatedly staged major protests over the government's mishandling of a mass fish poisoning incident, which was caused by a Taiwanese-owned steel plant in Ky Anh, Ha Tinh Province. For instance, on August 15, more than 4,000 fishermen and Catholic parishioners marched to the local government in Ky Anh to demonstrate for higher compensation. Approx. 200 police officers blocked their access to the highway and attacked them with batons, leaving one person injured. Addressing the ongoing protests, Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Hong Ha Tran acceded to higher compensations and tougher security standards during a meeting with representatives of affected fishermen on December 7. vun 163
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