EUROPE October 14. On November 21, hundreds of nationalists, including Right Sector, Azov, and other militants, burned tires, smashed windows, and threw smoke pellets on the Independence Square of the capital Kiev, eponymous oblast, to commemorate the 2014 Maidan protests. Furthermore, more than 1,000 Azov members marched through the streets of Kharkiv, eponymous oblast, shouting ''glory to Ukraine” and ''death to enemies” on December 12. Right-wing militants repeatedly attacked members of the LGBT community and refugees throughout the year. During the Equality Festival in Lviv, eponymous oblast, on March 19, around 200 far-right activists harassed 70 participants by shouting ''kill, kill, kill” and throwing stones at the police bus that was sent to evacuate the latter. Subsequently, Human Rights First leader Shawn Gaylord criticized the government's lack of protection for the LGBT community. Also in mid-March, residents of Yahotyn, Kiev oblast, including Azov, Right Sector, and Svoboda militants, threw eggs at Ukrainian State Migration Service officers as well as UN representatives and human rights activists during the opening ceremony of a refugee centre. On June 12, Right Sector and other right-wing activists issued ''bloodbath” threats to participants of the LGBT event KyivPride. On October 18, 50 nationalists, including Azov and Right Sector, injured two participants of an LGBT film event in Chernivtsi, Chernivtsi oblast. afo UNITED KINGDOM (SCOTTISH NATIONALISTS / SCOTLAND) Intensity: 1 | Change: | Start: 2007 Conflict parties: Conflict items: SNP, Scottish regional government vs. government secession The non-violent crisis between the Scottish regional government, formed by the Scottish National Party (SNP), and the British government over the secession of Scotland from the United Kingdom (UK) de-escalated to a dispute. The conflict mainly revolved around the referendum regarding the leave of the UK from the EU, the so-called Brexit. The SNP won the regional elections on May 4, gaining 63 of the 129 seats in the Scottish Parliament. After SNP chairwoman Nicola Sturgeon had rejected a coalition on May 6, the SNP formed a minority government. Concerning the Brexit Referendum in June, Sturgeon had stated repeatedly that a pro-Brexit vote would trigger a new Independence referendum. After the pro-Brexit decision, Sturgeon spoke of a ''democratic outrage” and raised the possibility of a second referendum. On July 15, newly elected PM Theresa May, leader of the Conservative Party, visited Scotland and called for unity in the Brexit talks. Sturgeon, however, stated that remaining in the European Single Market would be a crucial interest for Scotland. Consequently, Sturgeon announced a second referendum to be held in the next two years at the annual SNP meeting in the Scottish city of Glasgow on October 13, and introduced a draft bill for the referendum one week later. Both the UK Labour Party and the government criticized this immediately. In Scotland, secessionist and anti-Brexit groups staged several protests. Moreover, a dozen activists maintained the pro-Independence protest camp in front of the Scottish Parliament. After the protesters had lost a court appeal in late October, court officers evicted the camp on November 5. On December 17, a panel of civil judges ordered the campers to pay a fine of approx. USD 130,500. csc USA, EU ET AL. – RUSSIA Intensity: 2 | Change: | Start: 2007 Conflict parties: Conflict items: USA, EU et al. vs. Russia system/ideology, international power The non-violent crisis over ideology and international power between the USA, EU, and several other states, including Canada and Norway, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other hand, continued. In the course of the year, the US, the EU, especially the UK, France, and Germany, and Canada accused Russia of provoking a ''new cold war” with rhetoric and deterring strategies, and vice versa. However, both sides repeatedly claimed that they did not want an escalation. On several occasions, the Russian Armed Forces carried out military manoeuvres. For instance, on April 13, a Russian Su- 24 fighter jet simulated attacks against the US Navy destroyer USS Donald Cook. Five days later, on April 18, a Russian fighter jet intercepted a US RC135U spy plane that operated in international airspace. Furthermore, Russia violated the airspace of NATO member states repeatedly over the course of the year, for example in Estonia on May 5 [→ Russia – Estonia]. Regarding the Russian intervention in Crimea, Ukraine, the EU continued sanctions against Russia, such as travel bans and financial account suspensions as well as on economic relations [→ Russia-Ukraine (Crimea)]. On July 1, the EU Council decided to prolong the economic sanctions until 2017, while Russia responded with a continuation of its ban on EU's agricultural products. Because of the unchanged situation in the Ukraine, the EU extended its sanctions again on December 15. Throughout the year, NATO positioned various defence systems in and deployed troops to Eastern Europe, further increasing the tensions between the two sides. On May 10, NATO stationed a SM-2 missile defence system at Deveselu military airport, Romania. A few days later, NATO held a series of interlinked manoeuvres, ''Dragoon Ride II” from May 31 to June 22, ''Saber Strike 16” from May 22 to June 22, and ''Anaconda <strong>2016</strong>” from June 7 to 16. The NATO member states staged ''Anaconda <strong>2016</strong>,” which involved 31,000 troops and numerous ground and air based weapon systems from 24 countries, as a reaction to a Russian maneuver in 2015 that had involved 95,000 troops. However, Dmitry Peskov, spokesperson of the Russian presi- 54
EUROPE dent, declared that ''Anaconda <strong>2016</strong>” would pose a threat to Russian security and leading to a ''deficit in trust regarding the relations with the west.” Subsequently, Russia sent 30,000 troops to its western border and deployed S-400 surface-toair missile defence system at Crimea on August 13. Amid heightened tensions, Russian President Vladimir Putin called the manoeuvres ''unfriendly actions of the USA”, and responded with suspending the nuclear disarmament of Russia on October 3. Nine days later, Russia sent Iskander mediumrange missiles with nuclear-warhead capacity to Kaliningrad, the Western Russian enclave, and conducted a test of submarine based ballistic missiles with nuclear-warhead capacity. In return, the US accused Russia of violating the ''Treaty on Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces” (INF) of 1987, and called for meeting the INF special verification commission. tcr 55
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